期末考试题型和复习范围（2018年6月30号）Part One: Bank filling (10×1=10points)In this section, there are ten sentences with ten blanks. You are required to select one expression for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the sentences. Read thesesentences carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet.说明：10个句子，每个句子中有一填空处，从18个备选英语短语中选择恰当的词语与相应的句子意思匹配。

Part Two: Word Matching(10×1=10points)In this section, there are ten Chinese expressions followed by a word bank of twenty English ones. You are required to select one English expression for each Chinese expression from the word bank. Read theseexpressions carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet.说明：10个汉语短语，从20个备选英语短语中选择与这些汉语短语意思相匹配的词语。

以上两题的内容均来自“文化特色词汇总表”Part Three: Writing (20points)Write something about the following topics. Your introduction of or common on each of the topics should not be less than 100 words.1). The differences between Chinese language and English one中英思维与语言比较，参考页面：p58-59,p74,p77,p96-97,p100,p109,p111,p15-139）●Paratactic (重意合) language ChineseParataxis refers to the language in which word and sentence units are composedby means of their semantic coherence with diffusive (散布性的) linguistic formsand covert (隐蔽的) grammar.Hypotactic (重形合) language EnglishHypotaxis (强调形合) refers to a language which uses the distinct formal labels, such as inflexion, prepositions, conjunctions etc. to link phrases, sentences and paragraphs, with overt grammar.●Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯) Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形)Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意)●Topic-Comment Sentence Structure （话题-评论结构）Topic-prominent Language话题突出型语言Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure （主语-谓语结构）Subject-prominent Language主语突出型语言●Compared with Chinese, English is a kind of hypotaxis and thuspays much attention to the formal connection among linguistic units.●Subject-verb agreement governs the formation of sentences ofwhich verb is the center.●The relationships between linguistic units are marked by themorphological (词法的,形态的) changes, inflections, conjunctions and prepositions.●As a result, when Chinese is translated into English, some“omitted” elements should be replenished（补充）.●English pays much attention to overt cohesion and highlights thestructural integrity of sentences .●Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion●English: right-extending，heavy-tailed like a peacock●Chinese Clockwise OrderEnglish describes the picture from the nearer distance tothe farther one. It begins from the prologue (序幕) and thenreplenishes (补充) it in an anti-clockwise orderEnglish Anticlockwise OrderChinese just describes one event in the time order,very methodically.●ChineseOrder of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboo-making （制竹）（语序相对固定）EnglishOrder of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like block-building （积木）（语序相对灵活）●Chinese tend to use imaginative thought pattern and accordinglyare fond of using imaginary words and metaphors in order toachieve vivid effects in writing. Metaphors have become animportant tool in Chinese people daily communication, which can be shown in the following daily Chinese.On the contrary, English people who lay much stress on abstract thought pattern favor the well-organized, logical structure. As a result, English language is characterized by its direct andabstract words.●Difference 1English : Impersonal (物称) Chinese: Personal (人称)Difference 2English : Passive (被动) Chinese: Active (主动)Difference 3English : Static (静态) Chinese: Dynamic (动态) Difference 4English : Order of Importance/Linear PatternChinese: Order of Time/Circular PatternDifference 4English : Complex (繁复) Chinese: Simple (简明)Difference 5English : Abstract (抽象）Chinese: Concrete （具体）Difference 6English : Hypotactic (形合) Chinese: Paratactic (意合)Explicit cohesion （显性联接）Implicit coherence （隐性连贯）Difference 7English : plain and factual （讲平实）Chinese: rhythmic and symmetrical （重韵律）English 英语Chinese 汉语Form-focused 形态型Meaning-focused 语义型Right-extending 孔雀型Left-extending 狮子型Sight-fixed 视点固定Sight-moving 视点流动Tree-like 树型结构Bamboo-like 竹型结构Subject-prominent 主语突出Topic-prominent 主题突出Order-flexible 语序相对灵活Order-fixed 语序相对固定Impersonal 物称Personal 人称Passive 被动Active 主动Static 静态Dynamic 动态Complex 繁复Simple 简单Abstract 抽象Concrete 具体Hypotactic 形合Paratactic 意合Plain and factual 平实Rhythmic and symmetrical 韵律2). The differences between Chinese and English thought patterns第二题（二中英思维与语言比较，参考页面：p11-52）；●Synthetic Thought PatternSynthesis is a kind of thought which combines the separate parts, elements of the objects into a whole.Chinese do not analyze or divide things into categories, so much as they synthesize (合成) elements into a unified whole. In this sense, Chinese emphasis is upon the whole.Analytic Thought PatternAnalysis is a kind of thought which separates the whole into parts.●Imaginative Thought PatternThe fact that Chinese put so much stress on image shows that Chinese attach much importance to imagination but fail to develop conception. For instance, Confucius mentions an important idea “Ren” for 105 times in “The Analects”（论语）, but what is the real meaning of this idea is not explained clearly. Chinese philosophers consciously reject the notion of controlling one's life by reason.Abstract Thought PatternThe abstract thought of English is embodied in its grammar. English is also dominated by logic. The conception is very clear and the sentences are organized tightly. The well-organized, logical English structures reflect English thought patterns, as even in the omitted sentences.Generally speaking, Chinese speakers prefer imaginative thought while English speakers abstract thought.●Circular ThoughtPatternIt is characterized by circumlocution（婉转曲折）, that is, not stating opinion directly or frankly but beating about the bush at first, and using rhetorical devices such as metaphor, analogy to develop opinion, then going back to the topic at last, or intentionally referring to history,tradition or something else to conceal the true theme.Linear ThoughtPatternIt is characterized by speaking of one's opiniondirectly and by speaking without reservation.Linear thought is also called deductive thought andgeneral-particular thought.●Subjective Thought PatternIt refers to the thought pattern which deems human as the center to observe, analyze and study the objective world. Influenced by the traditional philosophical concept of "unity of subject and object", Chinese usually lay much stress on human-oriented issues and subjective consciousness, and they believe that only human beings can think consciously.Objective Thought PatternIt refers to a thought that takes objective natural world as the center to observe, analyze, research and vanquish（征服，战胜）. Objective thought takes object and nature as the core, and lays much stress on observation and research of natural object.●Intuitional （直觉的）Thought Pattern⏹Intuition can be defined as the act or process of "coming to direct knowledge" or"certainty without reasoning and inferring".⏹To put it in another way, a whole picture will appear in one's mind without the order anddistance, which is faint but certain and it cannot be expressed by any words.Rational (理性的) Thought PatternIt aims to draw a logical conclusion by means of analysis, judgment and inference. It is characterized by a systematic cognition by way of reason and discursiveness (推论)/postulation（假定）.●Collectivistic Thought PatternIt is characterized by individuals who subordinate their personal goals to the goals of some organizations. In many cases, people in collectivist cultures have internalized the norms of their organizations so completely that there is no such thing as a distinction between in-group goals and personal goals. Individualistic Thought PatternIt refers to loosely knit social networks. People in individualist cultures define themselves primarily as independent individuals and make their primary commitment to themselves.✧Individuality-oriented value contributes to Westerners’ support for theabolishment of capital punishment whereas collective-oriented value plays a role in Chinese opposition of the termination of death penalty.✧The order of a person’s name or address varies between Westerners and Chinese.✧The dispute over the legitimacy of TU Youyou’s winning of Nobe l prize inphysiology or medicine reflects different thought patterns.ConclusionThe differences between Chinese and English thought patterns discussed involve therelative emphasis that members of different cultures place on particular thought pattern rather than absolute differences in kind. For instance, Chinese people hold a strong imaginative thought pattern while English people hold a weaker one. And the British do better than the Chinese in using abstract thought.It is not a matter of "have" or "have not", but the one of “strong” or “weak”. Chinese thought pattern and Western thought pattern are not incompatible as fire and water; actually, there occurs some commonness at the very beginning of the formation of thought patterns.Mo Tzu gives preliminary statements about formal logic and Westerners also use metaphor and historical allusions.3). On translationese (including such aspects as definition, causes, features, and preventive measures against it) 第三题（四中英互译中的翻译腔，参考页面：p2-17;p24;p41,p57）；●Definition✧Nida and TaberTranslationese refers to "formal fidelity which results in unfaithfulness to the content and impact of the message". In other words, translationese means "a certain deviation from normal linguistic usage"Nicknames such as "Chinglish" have been invented to designate translationese.Failing to free himself of the influence of SL, the translator sometimes directly transplants the original linguistic forms into the target language, hence giving rise to a hybrid language characterized by its poor acceptability in TL, i.e. translationese.✧NewmarkNewmark defines translationese as “a literal translation that does notproduce the appropriate sense.” He points out that translationesereproduces SL structures, which makes it awkward or heavy. To be moreprecise, translationese, taking various forms of incorrect language. Itrefers to a translation expressed in an absurd hybrid language under theinterference of the source language on the translator.✧Shuttleworth&CowieTranslationese is a general pejorative term used to refer to TL usage whichbecause of its obvious reliance on features of SL is perceived as unnatural,impenetrable or even comical, because it is obviously different from thefeatures of TL.The typical cause of translationese, according to the dictionary, isexcessively literal translation or the lack of good knowledge in TL.They stress on the influence of the source language on translationese.✧程熙旭Translationese is an unnatural form of language in translation whichcarries the features of the source language structures, thus violating thehabitual use of the target language within a certain period of time.●Features of Translationese✧According to Shuttleworth and Cowie, inappropriate SL metaphors andsyntax, unnatural word order and a high concentration ofunnatural-sounding terminology are the sort of features which aretypical of translationese.✧Liu Miqing describes features of translationeseThe translation violates the linguistic usage of TL, especially wordorder;the sentence patterns and lexical preference of SL (especiallythe pronouns in English) are found in TL;the rhetorical devices ofSL are directly transplanted;the foreign culture is blindlyintroduced without consideration of the national and the individualpsychology of the receptors;SL is imitated and the social functionand effects are ignored✧Fan Zhongying describes features of translationeseA translation with light translation syndrome is unnatural inlanguage but can be understood; the collocations do not conform toTL usage;metaphors in the ST are directly transplanted into TT;thesurface meaning is considered without bothering the deep meaning.✧Sun Zhili describes features of translationeseUnsmooth language which not only violates the norm of TL but ruinsthe readers' interests; obscure meaning which confuses thereaders' understanding.✧Cheng Xixu describes features of translationeseBeing unnatural;carrying the features of source languagestructures;being in violation of the habitual use of targetlanguage.●Causes to TranslationeseAs to the causes of translationese, many researchers have presented their analysis. FanZhongying argues that there are three major causes:firstly, the translator's ignorance of differences between the two languages; secondly, the translator's misunderstanding of "faithfulness";thirdly, the translator does not comprehend the deep meaning of SL text. As to how to overcome translation syndrome,Fan proposes three approaches: (i) to improve acceptability, (ii) to understand the relationship between form and content and (iii) to study SL text carefully.●The Translator's Neglect of Differences between Chinese and English●The Translator's Unawareness of Stylistic Equivalence●In On Translation, Jin Di and Nida hold that translators must have necessaryqualifications if they are to produce satisfactory translations:(i) language competence, that is to say, a good command of both the source language and the target language;(ii) a sufficient knowledge of the respective cultures and the subject matter; (iii) verbal imagination, that is to say, a creative capacity to deal with various kinds of images;(iv) a proper understanding of the nature of his task;(v) intellectual integrity in combination with devotion to the task.4). Introduction of foreignization and domestication.说明：四个题目的答案均可以在课程PPT的有关论述中找到。