英语语法之句子成分及句子结构一、句子成分组成句子得各个部分叫句子成分。
句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语与宾语补足语等。
主语与谓语就是句子得主体部分(在英文中一般得句子必须有主语与谓语)。
即:句子成分有主要成分与次要成分;主要成分有主语与谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语与同位语1 、主语(subject)主语就是一个句子所叙述得主体,一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句与倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化得形容词与主语从句等表示。
找出句中主语The sun rises in the east、名词Twenty years is a short time in history、数词The poor are now living in the shelter、名词化得形容词Seeing is believing、动名词To see is to believe、不定式He likes dancing、代词What he needs is a book、句子(主从) It is necessary to master a foreign language、2谓语::说明主语得动作、状态与特征;动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。
（1）简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成I saw the flag on the top of the hill、He looked after two orphans、（2）复合谓语由情态动词或助动词+动词;He can speak English well、She doesn’t seem to like dancing3宾语:动作得对象或承受者——及物动词或介词得宾语,即动宾&介宾,常用名词或相当于名词得词(动词不定式或动名词)、代词与数词充当Show your passport, please、名词She didn't say anything、代词How many do you want? - I want two、数词I enjoy traveling、动名词He pretended not to see me、不定式They sent the injured to hospital、名词化得形容词I think(that)he is fit for this job、句子(宾语从句)宾语分为直接宾语与间接宾语、直接宾语指物或事,间接宾语指人或动物、(双宾语结构) He gave me some books、Please pass me the book、He bought his girlfriend some flowers、4、宾语补足语有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足语,说明宾语得身份与状态以补充其意义不足,使句子得意义完整(宾语得复合结构)。
宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语与从句充当。
常用得接宾语得复合结构得及物动词有:get, let , see, call, find, have, make, cause, consider例句I found the book interesting、形容词Do you smell something burning? 现在分词He have the bike repaired、过去分词5、表语:在系动词后得部分就就是表语;表语用以说明主语得身份、特征与状态。
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
常见得系动词有:be (am,is,are,were,was)感官: look, smell, taste, sound, feel 变化: go, get, grow, e, turn,bee持续:stay, keep, remain, 状态:seem, prove , appear等表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。
Our teacher of English is an American、名词The weather has turned cold、形容词The speech is exciting、现在分词His job is to teach English、不定式His hobby is playing football、现在分词短语The machine must be out of order、介短 Time is up、The class is over、副词The truth is that he has never been abroad、句子(表从)6、定语:修饰或限制名词或代词得词、词组或从句。
定语可由形容词、名词、数词、现在分词、过去分词等充当。
He is a clever boy、His father works in a steel factory、名词There are 54 students in our class、Do you know Betty’s sister?名词所有格There is a sleeping baby in bed、现在分词His spoken English is good、过去分词定语后置: 如果定语就是由一个单词表示时,通常要前置(有特殊情况,如复合不定代词,单个单词做定语要后置,eg、something important)。
而由一个词组或一个句子表示时,通常则后置。
The girl in red is his sister、介短We have much work to do、不定式The girl standing under the tree is his daughter、现在分词短语Do you know the man who spoke just now?定从7、状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征得句子成分,叫做状语。
可由以下形式表示:Light travels most quickly、(副词及副词性词组)He has lived in the city for ten years、(介词短语)He works harder to improve his English、(不定式短语)He is in the room making a model plane、(分词短语)Wait a minute、(名词) When he got home, he felt tired and hungry、(状语从句)状语有如下10种:1) How about meeting again at six? 时间2) Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain、原因3) I shall go there if it doesn’t rain、条件4) Mr Smith lives on the third floor、地点5) She put the eggs into the basket with great care、方式6) She came in with a dictionary in her hand、伴随7)In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder、目得8) He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately 结果、9) She works very hard though she is old、让步10) I am taller than he is、比较8、同位语位于名词或代词后面,说明它们得性质与情况We young people should respect the old、He himself will do the experiment、He is the oldest among them four、He told me the news that our team won the game、二、句子分类:句子种类两种分类法1、按句子得用途可分四种:1)陈述句(肯定、否定):He is six y ears old; She didn’t hear of you before、2)疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意):Do they like skating? How old is he?Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?3)祈使句:Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class4)感叹句:How clever the boy is!2、按句子得结构可分三种:1)简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)与一个谓语(或并列谓语)。
e、g、He often reads English in the morning、Tom and Mike are American boys、She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers、2) 并列句:由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上得简单句连在一起构成。
e、g、You help him and he helps you、The future is bright; the road is tortuous、前途就是光明得,道路就是曲折得。
3)复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句得句子。
复合句包含:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句与同位语从句)、定语从句与状语从句等。
e、g、The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall、三.简单句得五种基本结构1.ＳＶ(主＋谓)2.ＳＶＰ(主＋系＋表)3、ＳＶＯ(主＋谓＋宾)4、ＳＶｏＯ(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)5、ＳＶＯＣ(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)(1)Ｓ│Ｖ(不及物动词)1、The sun│rose、2、What he said │does not matter、3、They │talked for half an hour、4、The pen │writes smoothly、此句型得句子有一个共同特点, 即句子得谓语动词都能表达完整得意思。