• Step 3 The fighting bulls finally get killed. • Step 4 The bullfighter receives applause and awards, or abuse, cushions or other things. • Step 5 The ring place is cleaned up.
English Writing II
Unit 4 Customs
• The focus in this unit is on the features and organizational patterns of process and the use of relevant linking devices in writings of process analysis. • At the end of the unit you are expected to be able to use techniques of process description in paragraph writing.
• Complete the table according to the steps in Sample 1: • Step 1 Get ready flour, water, sugar, salt, eggs, and chocolate. • Step 2 Mix flour and baking soda together with water. • Step 3 Add salt and put butter and sugar together in a separate bowl. • Step 4 Add two eggs to this mixture.
• Step 5 Mix in chocolate chips and nuts after combining all the ingredients • Step 6 Place the little cookies formed from the mixture onto a cookie sheet. • Step 7 Bake all these pieces for 8 minutes at 375 degrees Fahrenheit. • Step 8 (result) Here are the chocolate chip cookies that can be served for afternoon tea.
• 3. What makes this particular paragraph easier to understand? • It has certain words and phrases that help clarify the relationship between steps of the buying process.
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In such a pattern, the writer may conveniently structure his paragraph by the steps as they actually happen, while effectiveness is also achieved. Within this framework, transitional devices are often used to ensure a smooth flow from one step to the next.
• 4. What pattern of organization can be identified in Paragraph B? • This paragraph combines the characteristics of Samples 1 and 2 in terms of organization. It not only starts from the preliminary stage to the end of the process, but also contains some sentences which provide supplementary comments or explanations where necessary.
• Summarize the pattern of process description in the paragraph. • We have observed that the sample paragraph explains or describes the successive steps of making some cookies for afternoon tea in Britain. This pattern of organization is called process writing. In this pattern, you may illustrate the process of doing something in detail from beginning to end. And the description of these details has to follow the order of the actual steps.
• Sample 2 • Questions • 1.What is discussed in the text? • This paragraph tells us about the famous bullfight in Spain.
• Now discuss in groups the organization of the paragraph and then fill in the table below:
• What are the steps involved in the performance? • Step 1 Performers are seen walking across the ring to the music (audience waiting for the first bull to run in from that small wooden door). • Step 2 Various performances start (by the assistant bullfighters, the horse-riders, those to throw sticks, and the final bullfighter).
Linking Devices
• Read the following two paragraphs and answer the questions: • 1. What topics do the paragraphs mainly deal with? • Both paragraphs deal with a similar topic: buying Christmas cards. • 2. Which paragraph is easier to understand? • Paragraph B is easier to understand.
(differences)
• However, Sample 2 is not as completely a description of a process as Sample 1 in that sentences of explanation or classification are added here and there to further clarify the procedure. This is, in fact, more typical of process writing.
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• Now work in groups and find out those words and phrases that indicate the order of procedures in paragraph B. The process of buying cards • Whenever … begin to • first • then … start doing • some other • finally • In this way … but anyhow
Part II Process Analysis
• Process writing organizes its ideas according to the steps of the process. The procedures or steps have to be arranged as they reasonably or objectively (not randomly) occur. • The purpose of process description is usually to inform, teach, or give ideas to the reader about how something new (or interesting or conventional) happens or in what way it can be completed.
Organizational Structure
• Read sample 1&2, finish their following tables, and summarize the features as they show in the paragraphs. • Sample 1 • Questions: • 1. What is the topic of the paragraph? • This paragraph offers a recipe of making chocolate chip cookies.