关于《中华人民共和国民用机场管理条例(征求意见稿)》的意见和建议机场网络是航空运输网络的基础。
我国不足200个机场的网络与美国超过18000个机场(约5000个开放机场)的网络相距甚大。
如何促进机场网络建设成为航空交通运输业发展的重要课题。
而机场管理条例的意义举足轻重。
我国《民用机场管理条例》正在征求意见:/gzdt/2008-03/24/content_927308.htm。
现就有关问题发表意见如下。
1 应该规定适用范围首先应该明确一个概念,什么是机场?什么是民用航空机场?按照wiki百科的解释:An airport is a location where aircraft such as airplanes, helicopters, and blimps take off and land. Aircraft may also be stored or maintained at an airport. An airport consists of at least one surface such asa runway, a helipad, or water for takeoffs and landings, and often includesbuildings such as hangars and terminal buildings翻译:一个机场是诸如飞机、直升机和飞艇等航空器起飞和着陆的场所。
航空器也可能在机场停放或维修。
一个机场至少包括如跑道、直升机起降坪或一个起飞或着陆的水面等表面。
还通常含有机库和候机楼等建筑物。
FAA的规定:Airport means an area of land or other hard surface, excluding water, that is used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft, including any buildings and facilities.机场指一个用于或者有意用于航空器起降的陆地或其他硬性表面,不包括水面,及其附属建筑物和设施。
所以,机场仅仅是起降场所的意思。
空中交通服务、通信导航、气象设施和设备;安全管理制度等并非必须,只是某个级别的机场的必须。
一个楼顶直升机平是否算机场?一个农业作业的直升机起降点是否算机场?急救用的直升机起降场所是否算机场?如果说这些场所都需要申请机场使用许可证,将是荒谬的,将扼杀直升机行业。
参考FAA规定,其只对提供9座以上定期航班或31座以上不定期载客飞行提供服务的机场要求审定。
参考资料:FAA139部机场审定的适用范围:§ 139.1 Applicability.(a) This part prescribes rules governing the certification and operation of airports in any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, or any territory or possession of the United States serving any—本规章适用于美国领土内服务于以下任何一种——(1) Scheduled passenger-carrying operations of an air carrier operating aircraft designed for more than 9 passenger seats, as determined by the aircraft type certificate issued by a competent civil aviation authority; and民航9个客座以上定期航班服务,和(2) Unscheduled passenger-carrying operations of an air carrier operating aircraft designed for at least 31 passenger seats, as determined by the aircraft type certificate issued by a competent civil aviation authority31个客座以上的不定期载客航班服务.(b) This part applies to those portions of a joint-use or shared-use airport that are within the authority of a person serving passenger-carrying operations defined in paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section.或(a)(1) 和 (a)(2)兼而与之的机场。
(c) This part does not apply to—该规章不适用于——(1) Airports serving scheduled air carrier operations only by reason of being designated as an alternate airport;仅作为定期航班的备降机场。
(2) Airports operated by the United States;政府运营的机场。
(3) Airports located in the State of Alaska that only serve scheduled operations of small air carrier aircraft and do not serve scheduled or unscheduled operations of large air carrier aircraft;阿拉斯加的只给定期或不定期小型航空承运人服务,而不给定期或不定期大型客机提供服务的机场。
(4) Airports located in the State of Alaska during periods of time when not serving operations of large air carrier aircraft; or阿拉斯加的机场不给大型客机提供服务的周期内;或(5) Heliports.直升机场。
2 应该清晰定义机场类型参考FAA的规章规定,可知其必须清晰定义机场类型。
而我们机场条例,何谓运输机场何谓通用机场也没有清晰定义。
参考FAA标准,我国运输机场应该定义为9座以上定期航班或31座以上包机飞行服务的机场。
而通用机场指能理解为,不提供以上服务,但申请作为开放机场使用的机场。
Air carrier aircraft means an aircraft that is being operated by an air carrier and is categorized as either a large air carrier aircraft if designed for at least 31 passenger seats or a small air carrier aircraft if designed for more than 9 passenger seats but less than 31 passenger seats, as determined by the aircraft type certificate issued by a competent civil aviation authority.Air carrier operation means the takeoff or landing of an air carrier aircraft and includes the period of time from 15 minutes before until 15 minutes after the takeoff or landing.Airport means an area of land or other hard surface, excluding water, that is used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft, including any buildings and facilities.Airport Operating Certificate means a certificate, issued under this part, for operation of a Class I, II, III, or IV airport.3 应该区分公共机场和私人机场私人飞机应为是可能进入公共区域的物品需要许可证件才能运行。
但私人机场不在公共范围内,政府可以要求其合法,但无权要求其必须获得某行政许可才能使用。
30年前,全中国的航空器都属于国家,政府出于对纳税人公有财产负责,规定其必须在某特定场所起降,还是符合逻辑的。
但现在,航空器和起降场地都有可能属于私人拥有。
政府有权规定私人用途的特定物品必须满足一定标准,但规定私人用途的、不涉及公共安全的物品需要申领许可证,是不合法的。
至少来说,应该区别对待。
公共餐厅的管理不适用于私人厨房;公共停车场的规定不适用于私人车库。
即使是机动车辆,只要不上路(公共区域)行驶,例如工厂范围内内部的交通工具,也不需要申领行驶证。
一个对公众开放的机场,必须要满足一定的规定,以便任何一架飞机都可以用正常程序起降,是有必要的。
但一个私人机场,需要申请许可证,是不合逻辑、、不合情理,也不合国际惯例的。
参考FAA规定,FAA对任何不提供载客商业飞行服务的机场没有审定要求。
当然对私人机场也没有审定要求。
4 运输机场一章没有充分考虑私人投资的情况运输机场一章内容似乎完全是政府投资建设机场的考虑,没有充分考虑到企业、私人投资管理运输机场的可能性。
例如:第十条 运输机场内的建设项目应当符合运输机场总体规划。
任何单位和个人不得在运输机场内擅自新建、改建、扩建建筑物或者构筑物,不得擅自将其使用的土地及其建筑物和设施出租、转让或者改作他用。
第十二条运输机场新建、改建和扩建项目的安全设施应当与主体工程同时设计、同时施工、同时投入运营和使用,安全设施投资应当纳入建设项目概算。