中科院考博英语培训资料（作文）写作和翻译中的常用短语写作Commonly Used Phrases and Patterns.Reduce the CO2 emissionGlobal warming greenhouse gases glacier melting gases Develop new energy—solar energy, wind energy, etc.安居工程housing project for low-income urban residents信息化information-based; informationization智力密集型concentration of brain power; knowledge-intensive西部大开发Development of the West Regions 可持续性发展sustainable development风险投资risk investment 扩大内需to expand domestic demand 计算机辅助教学computer-assisted instruction ( CAI )学生减负to reduce study load拉关系try to curry favor with 劳动合同制labor contract system老生常谈，陈词滥调cut and dried 老字号an old and famous shop or enterprise礼尚往来Courtesy calls for reciprocity. 猎头公司head-hunting company廉政建设construction of a clean and honest administration廉政、勤政、务实、高效政an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government联合兼并conglomeration and merger of enterprises两个文明一起抓place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress两院院士academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering老少边穷地区former revolutionary base areas, areas inhabited by minority nationalities, remote and border areas and poverty-stricken areas劣等品shoddy goods; substandard goods;留得青山在，不怕没柴烧Where there is life, there is hope.留职停薪retain the job but suspend the salary留学咨询：consulting on the study abroad流动人口transient population乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款arbitrary charges, fund-raising quotas and fines论文答辩(thesis) oral defense 绿地覆盖率forest coverage rate绿化afforestation 绿色食品organic food满意度degree of satisfaction 民族凝聚力national cohesion买一送一buy one get one free磨洋工dawdle along 模拟测试mock test; simulated exam莫失良机make hay while the sun shines目标管理management by objectives难得糊涂Where ignorance is bliss, it's folly to be wise.南水北调South-to-North water diversion南水北调工程divert water from the south to the north project闹情绪be disgruntled; be in a fit of pique内环路inner ring road 泡沫经济bubble economy能进能出，能上能下competent to work both at the top and at the grass roots贫富悬殊polarization of rich and poor 平均主义equalitarianism瓶颈制约“bottleneck”restrictions 企业文化corporate culture 强化班intensive training class 勤工俭学work-study program全面实施以德育为核心、以创新精神和实践能力为重点的素质教育carry on the quality education centering on moral education and emphasizing creativity and practice裙带风nepotism; petticoat influence人才流失brain drain 人浮于事overstaffing人工智能artificial intelligence 人机交互human-computer interaction人际交往human communication 三角债chain debt塞翁失马，焉知非福Misfortune may be an actual blessing."三个代表" "three represents" theory (The Party should always represent the development needs of China's advanced social productive forces, always represent the onward direction of China's advanced culture, and always represent the fundamental interests of the largest member of the Chinese people.)"三讲"教育（讲学习、讲政治、讲正气）"three emphases" education (to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)三资企业three kinds of foreign-invested enterprises or ventures: Sino-foreign joint ventures(中外合资企业), cooperative businesses （中外合作企业）and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China（外商独资企业）"扫黄"、"打非" eliminate pornography and illegal publications商品房空置的现象the vacancy problem in commercial housing上网to get on the Internet 事业单位public institution社会热点问题hot issues of society 沙尘暴sand storm; dust storm社会治安情况public security situation 涉外经济foreign-related business申办奥运会bid for the Olympic Games 身体素质physique; physical constitution 生态农业environmental-friendly agriculture 弹性工资flexible pay实践是检验真理的唯一标准Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.实现小康目标to achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life时不我待Time and tide wait for no man. 试用期probationary period受灾地区disaster-affected area 素质教育education for all-around development跳槽者job-hopper 跳槽job-hopping土地沙化desertification of land; desert encroachment推广科研成果turning laboratory achievements into commercial/mass production; commercialization of laboratory achievements退耕还林还草grain for green脱贫致富cast (shake, throw) off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity挖墙脚undermine the foundation of sth..; cut the ground from under sb's feet网民netizen; net citizen; cyber citizen 网上冲浪surf the Internet网上交易平台online trading platform 网友net friend文科liberal arts 无形资产intangible assets无中生有make/create something out of nothing效益工资achievements-related wages; wages based on benefits效益农业profitable agriculture 下岗laid-off workers心理素质psychological quality 义务教育compulsory education应试教育examination-oriented education system与国际市场接轨integrate with the world market; become integrated into the global market远景计划long-term development targets 欲速则不达Haste does not bring success.再就业服务中心re-employment service center 远程教育distance education政府上网工程Government Online Project政府职能转变transform/shift the government functions政企不分without a clear line between the functions of the government and enterprises; the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up政企分开separate government functions from enterprise management政务公开make government affairs public中关村科技园区Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park中流砥柱mainstay, chief corner stone 抓住机遇seize the opportunity众口难调It is difficult to cater to all tastes.; One man's meat is another man's poison. 自然保护区natural reserve; nature preservation zone自律机制the self-discipline system自我保护意识self-protection awareness转基因食品GM food (genetically modified food)Appendix IIIPart Ⅰ: Useful expressions( A ). For Opening an essay1. sayWhen asked about the (vast) majority of believeWhen it comes to ... , most/many people claimFaced with thinkargue----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------regardview/see as...that..., but other people think of ... differently.considerconceive----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. development/improvement/rise/growth of...general recognition/realization/acknowledgement of...With (the) women/children playing an increasingly big role in society/family life,----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.a general discussion on issueThere is much debate today about the problempublic controversy nowadays overas to----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------criticizeof ... . Those who ...argue that...object to----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------advocateThey believe that ..., but people who ..., on the otherfavorhand, argue that...----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Currently , there is a (n) general In recent years widespreadIn the past few years has been growingFor many years now widely-held----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------feeling towards feelingconcern over concern thatattitude towards trendtrend towards ... awarenessawareness of realization thatrealization of beliefillusion of----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. growing beginningNow people in ever-increasing numbers are coming tosignificant getting----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------believerrealizerecognizeunderstand thatacceptseebe aware----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. believedcommonly thought think Now, it is widely held that..., they ..., butGenerally accepted believeIncreasingly feltrecognizedacknowledged----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I wonder whether...doubt----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------astonishing proportion teenagers7. Recently there is a (n) increasing percentage of whosizable population studentssignificant number----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------sudden8. In the past 5 years there has been a dramatic rise in the crimeratesharp increase divorce ratemarked teenage smoking-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------problem brought to public attention9.. Recently the issue of... has been posed among peoplequestion in the limelight----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------loomed controversial10. The problem of... has now arisen asissue cropped up noteworthy----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------idea untrueopinion foolishview dangerousNo belief more undesirable thannotion is basic now the one that...issue so important astrend essentialattitude emotion-rousing---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- widely(which is now commonly held by...)generally---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12. Never in Chinese history idea evidentNowhere in the world has the issue of ... been more popular than...change( B ) Transitional words1) Sample writing:What explains the growing trend toward delayed childbearing?First,In the first place,To start with, the high divorce rate is making newlyweds think twice about starting aFor one thing, family right away.First of all,Secondly,Besides,In addition,Furthermore, many young couples want to be more financially secure before having children.What's more,For another thing,Finally,Above all, More married women prefer to devote time to their careers before having a baby.Thirdly,2) Connectives and transitional phrases for chronological development:first, second, etc. soon eventuallyin the meantime then thereuponat the same time next thereafterafter an interval now afterpresently later afterwardsomewhat later finally at last3) Connectives and transitional phrases for analytical development:first, second, etc. now for this purposebut as a result furthermorefinally at last moreoveralso consequently likewiseanother for example nextyet for instance on the contraryonce in addition in summarysuch in this case on the. other handthen otherwise in conclusionthus in closing therefore4) Connectives and transitional phrases for comparisons:another furthermore moreoverequally important too, also at the same timebesides then accordinglyin fact in addition to like, likewisesimilarly just as... so in the same way5) Connectives and transitional phrases for contrasts:on the contrary different from/in contraston the other hand todespite in spite ofyet, but whereasunlike neverthelessnot only .... but also here ....thereyears ago ....today- this ....thatthe former ....the latter then ....nowthe first ... whereas the second some ....otherson the one hand .... on the other once .... now( C ) Phrases to Sum UpIn summary,In short,On the whole, This trend represents a sharp break with this nation's traditional In conclusion, preoccupation with the needs of children.In a word,( D ) A special group of sentence structures汉语中有许多习惯用语。