Exercises for the test of linguisticsThere are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that best complete the statement.Chapter 1 Introduction1.The study of language as a whole is often called ________ linguistics.A.particularB.generalC.ordinaryD.generative2.Traditional grammar regards the ________ form of language as primary, not thespoken form.A. oralB. writtenC. writingD. vocal3. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. synchronic 限于一时的B. diachronic 历时的C. historicalD. comparative4.According to F. de Saussure, ________ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community.A.paroleB.performancengue 语言nguage5. Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meanings and________.A. wordsB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas6. Which of the following isn‟t the design features of human language?A. arbitrarinessB. performanceC. dualityD. displacement7. The core of linguistics excludes ________.A. semantics n.语义学B. morphology 形态学C. phonetics 语音(学)D. psycholinguistics 语言心理学Chapter 2 Phonology语音体系1.________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world‟s languages.A.PhonologyB.PhoneticsC.MorphologyD.Phonemics2.Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ________ properties of the stream ofsounds which a speaker issues.A.oralB.mentalC.physicalD.recorded3.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ________ sounds.A.V oicelessB.voiced ,浊音的C.vowelD.consonantal 辅音的,4.[p] is a voiceless bilabial双唇音的________.A.affricateB.fricativeC.stopD.liquid5.________ aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns andhow these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A.LinguisticsB.PhoneticsC.Phonology音位学D.Articulatory phonetics6. A ________ is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A.phonemeB.phoneC.soundD.speech7.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the ________ of that phoneme.A.phonesB.soundsC.phonemesD.allophones8.________ is a typical tone language.A.EnglishB.ChineseC.FrenchD.American EnglishChapter 3 Morphology形态学1.Morphology refers to the ________ of words.A.scienceB.formC.historyD.system2.The smallest meaningful unit of language is ________.A.morpheme词素B.phoneC.phonemeD.allomorpheme3.The word “boyish” contains two ________.A.phonemesB.morphsC.morphemesD.allomorphs4.________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A.FreeB.BoundC.RootD.Affix5.Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case”and so forth arecalled ________ morphemes.A.inflectionalB.independentC.freeD.derivational6.________ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part ofspeech of the original word.A.Prefixes前缀B.Suffixes后缀C.RootsD.Affixes 词缀7.In English “-ise” and “-tion” are called ________.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.infixes中缀D.free morphemes8.There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of ________ toform a new word.A.rootB.affixC.stemD.word9.The words such as “lab” and “doc” are ________.A.formed by blendingB.acronyms首字母缩略词C.coined by back-formation .逆构词逆构法D.clipped words省略词,截短词(省略开首或末尾部分,如flu代表influenza)10.The compound word “running dog” should be pronounced ________, when itmeans “a person who follows others blindly”.A.running …dogB.…running ,dog重音在running上，次重音在dog上C.…running …dogD.,running …dogChapter 4 Syntax句法1.Syntax is the study of the interrelationships between elements of sentencestructure and of the rules governing the way words are ________ to form sentences in a language.A.analyzedB.examinedC.linkedD.arranged2.________ lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words areconstantly added.A.Minor Minor lexical categories are closed categoriesB.MajorC.AllD.None of the above3.NP and ________ are essential components of a sentence.A.VPB.PPC.APD.CP4.The two clauses in a ________ sentence are structurally equal parts of thesentence.A.simplepleteplexD.coordinate 并列句5.The embedded clause内嵌句in a complex sentence is normally called ________clause.A.a subordinate从句B. a mainC. a matrixD.a major6.Transformational grammar is a type of grammar first proposed by ________ inthe mid-1950s.A.SaussureB.BloomfieldC.ChomskyD.Halliday7.The rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences are called________ rules.A.lexicalB.structuralC.coordinatebinational8.________ can generate an infinite number of sentences.A.Phrase structure rules 短语结构规则B.Movement rulesC.Syntactic rulesD.None of the aboveChapter 5 Semantics语义学1.Semantics can be defined as the study of ________.A.wordsB.meaningmunicationD.context2.Sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between thelinguistic elements themselves (mostly words); it is concerned with _________ relations.A.extra-linguisticB.intra-linguisticC.non-linguisticD.multi-linguistic3.Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements (words,sentences, etc) and the ________ of experience.A.extra-linguisticB.intra-linguisticC.non-linguisticD.multi-linguistic4.Two words that are opposite in meaning are called ________.A.Synonyms 同义词B.Homonyms n.同形同音异义词C.Antonyms 反义词D.homophones同音异义词5.The pair of words “wide / narrow” are called ________.A.gradable oppositesplementary antonymsC.co-hyponymsD.relational opposites6.What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/ rose”?A.Polysemy 多义关系B.Synonymy 同义关系C.Hyponymy 上下义关系D.Antonymy 反义关系7.The words “railway” and “railroad” are ________.A.emotive synonymsB.dialectal synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.collocational synonyms8.The same word may have more than one meaning, which is called ________.A.synonymyB.homonymyC.hyponymyD.polysemy9.The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ________.A.gradable antonymsB.relational oppositesplementary antonymsD.none of the above10.The way to analyze sentence meaning is called ________ analysis.ponentialB.predicationC.syntacticD.logicalChapter 6 Pragmatics 语用学1.Linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description ofmeaning if ________ of language use was left unconsidered.A.brevity简洁B.context语境C.accuracy 准确(性)D.none of the above2.If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course ofcommunication, it becomes ________.A.a sentenceB.an actC. a unitD.an utterance 话语3.________ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.A.SpeakingB.SpeechC.SoundD.Spoken4.One of the contributions Searle has made is his classification of ________ acts.A.locutionaryB.illocutionaryC.perlocutionaryD.speech5.Of the three speech act, linguistics are most interested in the ________.A.locutionary actB.perlocutionary actC.illocutionary act 语言外表现行为D.none of the above6.Most of the violation of the maxims of the CP give rise to ________.A.utterance meaningB.speech act theoryC.conversational implicaturesD.all of the above7.The significance of Grice‟s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for thespeaker to convey ________ is literally said.A.more thanB.less thanC.the same asD.none of the aboveChapter 7 Language Change1.We may use the term ________ instead of historical linguistics as a way ofreferring to the approach which studies language change over various period of time and at various historical stages.A.diachronic linguisticsB.synchronic linguisticsC.sociolinguisticsD.psycholinguistics2.An important set of extensive sound changes affecting vowels, known as the GreatV owel Shift, occurred at the end of the ________.A.Old English periodB.Middle English periodC.Modern English periodD.Middle ages3.The most widely-spread morphological changes in the historical development ofEnglish are the loss and addition of ________.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.affixesD.case markings4.The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of ________.A.gender markingsB.case markingsC.tense markingsD.both A and B5.The most vigorous and on-going change in the historical development of alanguage is the change in its ________.A.soundB.vocabularyC.morphological systemD.syntax6.The most obvious way in which Modern English differs lexically from OldEnglish is in the number of borrowed words from other languages, particular from ________.tinB.FrenchC.GreekD.German7.Chinese, the most popular language of the world, belongs to the ________ family.A.Indo-EuropeanB.Sino-TibetanC.AustronesianD.AfroasiaticChapter 8 Language and Society1.The goal of ________ is to explore the nature of language variation and languageuse among a variety of speech communities and different social situations.A.psycholinguisticsB.sociolinguisticsC.historical linguisticsD.general linguistics2.The situation in which two or more languages are used side by side is referred toas ________.A.diglossia 双语双语制B.bilingualism 双语现象C.pidginizationD.blending3. A linguistic ________ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the“polite” society from general use.A.slangB.euphemism 委婉语C.jargon 行话; 黑话; 隐语,行业术语D.taboo禁忌4. A ________ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substitutedwhen a speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.A.linguistic tabooB.euphemismC.address termD.pidgin5.In normal situations, ________ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms thantheir ________ counterparts with the same social background.A.female; maleB.male; femaleC.old; youngD.young; old6.In general, language characteristic of ________ register is more often used in thewritten form than in the spoken form.rmalB.formalC.neutralD.none of the above7.It is ________ for individuals to be a perfect user of two languages in a full rangeof situations.monB.rareC.impossibleD.none of the aboveChapter 9 Language and Brain1.________ deals with how language is acquired, understood, and produced.A.Sociolinguistics社会语言学B.Psycholinguistics语言心理学C.Neurolinguistics神经语言学D.Anthropological linguistics 人类语言学2.The left hemisphere of human brain is responsible for the functions of ________.nguage and speechB.calculationC.analytic reasoning and associative thoughtD.all of the above3.________ refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in aparticular hemisphere of the brain.nguage lateralizationB.Brain lateralization大脑的侧化C.Right ear advantageD.None of the above4.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is about ________.nguage and thoughtnguage and translationC.grammatical structureD.second language acquisition5.Linguistic ________ is the brain‟s neurological specialization for language.A.determinism决定论B.relativism相对论petenceteralization(尤指脑部的)偏侧性,偏侧优势,偏利6.The ________ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with theperiod of brain lateralization.A.youngB.oldC.criticalD.flexibleChapter 10 Language Acquisition1.The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as________.A.appliedB.diachronicparativeD.synchronic2.In general, language acquisition refers to children‟s development of their________ language of the community in which a child has been brought up.A.firstB.secondC.thirdD.foreign3.________ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of asecond language usually obtained in school setting.A.AcquisitionB.LearningC.StudyingD.Acquirement4.________ transfer is a process that is more commonly known as interference.A.IntentionalB.PositiveC.NegativeD.Interrogative5.________ was believed to be the major source of difficulties experienced anderrors made by L2 learners.A.TransferB.Positive transferC.Negative transferD.Overgeneralization6.________ approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in whichdifferent L2 learners acquire a new language.A.TransferB.InterferenceC.Contrastive AnalysisD.Error Analysis7.During the process of SLA, a learner constructs a series of internal representationsthat comprises the learner‟s interim knowledge of the target language, this is ________.A.interlanguageB.first languageC.second languageD.foreign language8.The optimum age for SLA is ________.A.childhoodB.early teensC.teensD.adulthood9.Which of the following isn‟t a factor that may influence SLA?A.ageB.motivationC.personalityD.sex10.Which stages does the child belong to according to the development of thegrammatical system when we heard his saying like “No heavy,”“No eat,”“He no bite you,” etc.?A.the development of phonologyB.the development of syntax n. 1.句法;句法规则〔分析〕C.the development of morphology n.形态学(尤指动植物形态学或词语形态学)，形态论the development of vocabulary and semantics语义学11。