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东华大学自动控制原理期末复习ppt
l j 1
i 1 n
1 (n m)
Magnitude criterion 幅值条件 :
G ( s) H (s) K s zi
i 1 M
s p
j 1
n
1
K
s p sz
i 1 j 1 M
n
j
j
i
Angle criterion 相角条件:
G( s ) H ( s )
cos1 n 1
2
Tr 1
2.16 0.60
n
Closeness:
( 2%)
P.O.% exp( / 1 2 ) 100 %
The steady-state error
定义:
ess lim e(t ) lim r (t ) y (t )
M
(s p )
l j 1
i 1 n
1 (n M )
4:确定虚轴上的点;
i 1
M
( s zi)
j 1
n
( s pj )
180 k 360
k 0, 1, 2,
Steps:
G( s) H ( s)
K ( s zi )
M
(s p )
l j 1
i 1 n
1 (n M )
1:确定起点、终点; 2:确定实轴上的根轨迹; 3:绘制根轨迹的渐近线;
Differential equation
d n y(t) d n -1y(t) dy(t) an a n -1 a1 a 0 y(t) n n -1 dt dt dt
d m r(t) d m-1 r(t) dr(t) bm bm-1 b1 b 0 r(t) m m -1 dt dt dt
Chapter 1 Introduction to Control Systems
Introduction
Open-loop control system
Closed-loop feedback control system
History of Automatic Control
Classic control theory (经典控制理论)
Typical components
• Proportional component: K • Derivative component: s • Integral component: 1/s • Inertia components: 1/( Ts +1)
• Oscillation component:
The Routh-Hurwitz Criterion
an 0
结论:劳斯表中第一列各值为正,则系统稳定;若劳斯表中 第一列出现负值,则系统不稳定,且实部为正(即分布在平面右 半部)的根的数目,等于劳斯表中第一列元素改变符号的次数。
劳斯表可能出现的四种情况
No element in the first column is zero
All the coefficients of the polynomial must have the same sign if all the roots are in the left-hand plane. All coefficients for a stable system should be nonzero. —— necessary but not sufficient conditions for a stable system 二阶系统稳定:所有系数同号。 三阶系统稳定:中间系数之积大于两侧系数之积,且所有系数为正 —— necessary and sufficient conditions for a stable system
Basic requirements (performance)
Stability(稳定性):先决条件
Accuracy(稳态性):控制精度
Quickness or Rapidness(动态性):快速反应
稳! 准! 快!
Chapter 2 Mathematical Models of Systems
第一列有零元素,但零元素所在行其他元素非零
(小正数 )
第一列有零元素,零元素所在行其他元素为零(辅
助方程)
虚轴上有重根(劳斯判据无法判断)
例 特征方程 s 5 2s 4 3s 3 6s 2 4s 8 0 ,判别其稳定性。
解:
s5 s4 s3 s2 s1 s0 1 2 0 8 3 33.3 8 3 6 0 12 8 4 8 0 辅 助程 2 s 4 6 s 2 8 0 方 求导 系 数零 8 s 3 12 0 代
一个在右半平面的根
s1 , 2 1
s 3 , 4 2 j
s 3 2
Necessary/sufficient criterion
The Routh-Hurwitz Criterion is a necessary and sufficient criterion for stability of linear system.
–研究的主要对象是单输入、单输出(One input, One output) —— 单变量系统
Modern control theory (现代控制理论)
–研究的主要对象是多输入、多输出(Multi-input, Multi-Output) ——多变量系统。
Intelligent control (智能控制)
1. The time-domain: lim y (t ) t
2. The s-plane: characteristic equation, the RouthHurwitz criterion(chap. 6), the root locus (chap. 7)
3. The frequency plane (jw): Nyquist criterion, gain margin, phase margin (chap. 9),
阶跃 斜坡 抛物线
速度
加速度
Performance of a second-order system
2 n Y ( s) 2 2 R( s ) s 2n s n
Underdamped:
0 1
Step response
0 1
Swiftness:
Tr
(s) q(s) a3 s 3 a2 s 2 a1s a0 0
a2 a1 a0 a3
Relative stability
例:设系统特征方程为
s 3 8s 2 10s 2 0 ,试判别系统的稳
s3 s2 s1 s0 1 10 8 2 9.75 0 2 0
1 T 2 s 2 2Ts 1
• First-order differential component: Ts + 1 • Second-order differential component: T 2 s 2 2Ts 1
• Time-delay component:
e s
Block Diagram models
首列符号变化一次,所以有一正实根,系统不稳定。解辅助方程:
2s 4 6s 2 8 0
5 4 3 2
(s 2 4)(s 2 1) 0
s1 , 2 1
s 3 , 4 2 j
(s 2)(s 2 4)(s 2 1) 0 解原方程: s 2s 3s 6s 4s 8 0
A
poles of P(s) zeros of P(s)
nM
p z
j 1 j i 1
n
M
i
nM
A
(2q 1) 180 , nM
q 0, 1, 2, , (n M 1),
Steps:
G( s) H ( s)
K ( s zi )
Transfer function(1)
定义:线性定常系统在初始条件为零时,输出 量的拉氏变换和输入量的拉氏变换之比。
Y(s) b ms m b m1s m1 b1s b0 R(s) a n s n a n 1s n 1 a1s a 0
Laplace transform
s13 s12 1 s1 s10
1 3 5 1 2.8 0 1 0
[s]
1
0
Re
Chapter 7 The Root Locus Method
Concept: s-plane
1 G( s ) H ( s ) 0
G( s) H ( s)
K ( s zi )
m
(s p )
t t
ess lim e(t ) lim sE ( s) lim s R( s) Y ( s)
t s 0 s 0
H(s) = 1
Chapter 6 The Stability of Linear Feedback Systems
The three approaches to the question of stability
– Fuzzy Logics,Artificial Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithm,Artificial Intelligence, Expert System
Types of control systems
按信号的传递路径来分类: –开环控制系统 Open-loop control system –闭环控制系统 Closed-loop control system 按描述系统的数学模型不同来分类: –线性系统 Linear system –非线性系统 Nonlinear system 按系统传输信号的性质来分类: –连续系统 Continuous system –离散系统 Discrete system