跨文化交际Unit1:Economic globalization:the integration of national economic into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. Barter system:farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.Global village: all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.Melting pot: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Culture:a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Cultural diversity: the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.Communication:meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part to share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough alter the communication event (p.9-10).Components of CommunicationSource: The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message: The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process ,the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel:The term channel is used technical to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.Noise: The term noise technically refers to anything that the message the source encodes. Receiver: The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding: The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response: It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.Feedback: Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context: The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes places and which helps define the communication.思考题1 What are the four trends that make our world more interdependent? (p13)2 What are the three ingredients of culture?1.Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)2.Behavior (what they do)3.Concepts(beliefs, values, world, views…)(what they think)注：文学、手势…：The aspects of culture that are explicit, visible, taught.看法、友谊…：The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.3 How to understand cultural iceberg?1.Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a large invisiblesection below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and othersthat can only be suspected and imaged.2.Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a muchbigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(p7)4 What are the characteristic of culture?1.Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.2.Culture is learned.Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s socialenvironment, not from one’s ge nes.Enculturation (文化习得):all the activities of learning one’s culture are calledenculturation.3.Culture is dynamic.(p6) culture is subject to change.It’s dynamic rather than static,constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact withother cultures.Acculturation (文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about byanother culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.4.Culture is ethnocentric (=ethnocentrism 文化中心主义).Ethnocentrism is the beliefthat your own cultural background is superior.5 What are the characteristic of communication?munication is dynamic.munication is irreversible.munication is symbolic.munication is systematic.munication is transactional.(p8)munication is contextual.(p8)Unit 2-4:Pragmatics: the study of effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation:the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.Connotation: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word. the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.Taboo:some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism:the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.精讲案例：case 1,case 2(p17); case 4(p19); case 2(p43); case 3(p45); case 1(p67); case 3(p69)思考题：How is chinese addressing different from American addressing? (p33)What are the social functions of compoliments? (p60)(答案p50第一段)Unit 5:Chronemic: the study of how people perceive and use time.Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.Polychromic time: being involved with many things at once.Proxemics: the perception and use of space.Kinetics: the study of body language.Paralanguage:involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.精讲案例：Case 1(p85); case 3(p87); case 5, 6(p90); case 7(p91)思考题：What are the different features of M-time and P –time?(p97)P114 ( E. Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English )Unit 6:精讲案例：Case 1(p115); case 2(p116); p124-p126中的小案例思考题：How is gender different from sex? (p129)(答案p119/120)What has influenced the gender socialization?(答案p121)What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication?(p129)(答案p127-128)P129 ( B. what are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively)Unit 7:精讲案例：Case 1(p137); case 3(p139)思考题：Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture (p153)(结合最后一个单元，了解high-context culture 和low-context culture)Unit 9:A planetary culture: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.思考题：Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyzethe case(案例分析)What are the American / Chinese cultural values like in terms of cultural orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?(补充内容)Chinese culture valuesAs far as the human culture is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.America culture valuesAs far as the human culture is concerned, America culture holds that it is evil but perfectible though hard work. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.考试题型：PartⅠtrue or false 30%(√A，×B)15*2Part Ⅱmultiple choices 20% 20*1Part Ⅲcultural puzzles 10%(与课后习题中cultural puzzles类似，范围为cultural puzzles和每个单元重点案例) 5*2Part Ⅳshort-answer question 15% 5*3Part Ⅴcase study 10% （课外案例分析：阅读一个案例，回答三个小问题）注：深入研究unit5、2、4（cultural-loaded words），每个单元的重点案例以及单元后面的练习A、B（划过的问答题），C（euphemism understanding），以及E（cultural puzzles）以上内容由刘祥和秦天朋手打整理，部分内容可能有误，大家自行查找改错，最后祝大家考试通过。