1998年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Each student has an answer sheet on which is to be written the student’s examination ID number. All answers to the multiple choice questions of parts Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲand Ⅳare to be written on this answer sheet. Circle the letter that is your answer.PART Ⅰ:VOCABULARY ［15%］DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION A: On your answer sheet, circle the answer that best completes the sentence.1. The day was crisp and sharp, but suddenly a misty rain began to fall and the landscape.a. hidb. blurredc. relievedd. belittled2. this coming Thursday, it will be too late to enrol for the course.a. As ofb. As forc. As tod. As on3. Those who let uncertainty rarely achieve much.a . turn them down b. send them downc. weigh them downd. huddle down4. The speaker went on and on, to his listeners obvious boredom.a. obligatedb. obsessivec. obviousd. oblivious5. Such as self-respect and industriousness merit the full backing of an employer.a. advantagesb. traitsc. interestsd. shortcomings6. The police inspector, having received new information from a confidential source, decided to enlarge the or his enquiry.a. scopeb. magnitudec. dimensiond. volume7. An intelligent TV viewer may occasionally become enraged by the argumentation in commercials.a. imperativeb. fallaciousc. persuasived. fabulous8. flees if one is constantly subjected to demeaning orders.a. Primeb. Harassmentc. Conceitd. Pride9. popularity of subject matter and frequency of use, the books on the two middle shelves will be the most helpful to you.a. As ofb. As regardsc. As fromd. As against10. I was in my reading, and didn’t at first hear the doorbell ring.a. immuredb. immersedc. busyd. infatuated11. Their chances of winning are slight, given that their opponents are so .a. well-knownb. vitalc. formidabled. distinguished12. When I reach home after an impossible day’s work, I feel a general to watch TV.a. inducementb. intentionc. inclinationd. interest13. Fallen electric lines, rubble, ruins and the occasional house--such is the destruction wrought by the war.a. neglectedb. desolatec. tragicd. chopped14. Geographic illiteracy is widespread, and hardly a month passes without from some survey revealing new depths of ignorance.a. wordsb. a wordc. wordd. the word15. of course it is possible that the new policy may have some adverse effects, but it is our that these will be negligible.a. constitutionb. conditionc. convictiond. consideringDIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: On your answer sheet, circle the letter that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.16. Serial murderers rarely deviate from a certain type of prey.a. attackerb. nourishmentc. victimd. enemy17. The new guppies I bought have just a tinge of yellow.a. dotb. markc. touchd. tingle18. He covered the fish lavishly with sauce.a. sparinglyb. completelyc. generouslyd. simply19. Machiavelli cautions the prince not to relinquish power under passing duress.a. gainb. holdc. controld. abandon20. The play was hilarious!a. a merry oneb. a prudish onec. sedated. prodigious21. The Salk polio vaccine provides immunity from that disease.a. securityb. publicityc. liabilityd. help22. The Smithsonian houses a miscellaneous collection of aircraft, artifacts, butterflies, stones［both precious and common］, and so on.a. a heterogeneousb. an overwhelmingc. a unifiedd. a vast23. The jungles of the sub-Sahara, afflicted with tse-tse and mosquitos, is an unhealthy area.a. requiring inoculation againstb. heated byc. flooded byd. plagued by24. He is constantly late, and ill-prepared when he does finally arrive. He is jeopardizing his future.a. developingb. endangeringc. assuringd. destroying25.Chaos theory stresses the magnitude of the results produced by so small an event as the fluttering of a butterfly’s wings.a. sizeb. volumec. resultd. fame26.The ancillary data, however, did not substantiate his argument.a. necessaryb. involuntaryc. subsidiaryd. extraordinary27. Subsequent events vindicated her point of view.a. proved wrongb. indicatedc. proved rightd. invalidated28. Rhenium is added as an alloy inasmuch as it withstands heat.a. dischargesb. resistsc. reducesd. opposes29. At 70, she hardly seems cut-out for mountain climbing.a. chosen forb. fond ofc. likely to enjoyd. fit for1. The elevated roadway collapsed. This calamity could have been avoided had the municipality allocated funds for infrastructure.a. consequenceb. eventc. disasterd. thingPART Ⅱ：GRAMMAR [15%]DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION A: On your answer sheet, circle the letter that best completes the sentence.1. Now that in scientific communities the use of computers is widespread, and supposing that there is sufficient time, there exist no complicated problem can be addressed with some hope of resolution.a. andb. butc. asd. which2. Out of the elementary plane geometry developed by the Greeks we use today.a. the theoretical geometry evolutionb. evolved the theoretical geometryc. the evolution of theoretical geometry camed. the theoretical geometry came3. We had to go miles to find a restaurant, it a holiday.a. beingb. wasc. to bed. is4. A good indication of he followed the teacher’s advice was that he failed.a. what littleb. however littlec. how littled. whatever little5. None of the day’s transactions,sales or delivery, came off well.a. fromb. it beingc. be itd. was it6. The traffic was very heavy, , and so we arrived after the start of the program.a. this was completely unexpectedb. which was completely unexpectedc. that was completely unexpectedd. it was completely unexpected7. , he finds the work interestinga. Though he is computer expertb. A computer expert he isc. As computer expertd. Computer expert as he is8. , he never alters a decision.a. What may comeb. May what comec. Come what mayd. May come whatever9. ‘The car ran out of gas!’‘That the cause, I filled the tank this morning. ’a. mustn’t beb. must have beenc. can bed. can’t have been10. Their proposal is better than ours, .a. all things consideringb. all things consideredc. all things are consideredd. all considered things11. Unless to bend somehow, perhaps with the helps of a mirror, light only travelsstraight ahead.a. you makeb. to be madec. is maded. made12. The sloth is so named for its inactivity, its greatest energy in the search for food. a. it expends b. for expendingc. to expendd. and it expends13. Although most foodstuffs enter the bloodstream only after being subjected to the digestiveprocess beginning in the stomach, alcohol is highly unusual at least one-fifth of the quantity ingested is directly absorbed.a. so thatb. in thatc. thatd. in which14. , we will leave without her.a. If she were to fail to come on timeb. She should fail to come on timec. Should she fail to come on timed. Would she fail to come on time15. My phone call to the electrician as I subsequently discovered my wife hadphoned. My wife had phoned.a. needn’t be madeb. shouldn’t be madec. needn’t have been maded. didn’t have to beDIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: In the sentences below, either A, B, C or D is the INCORRECT grammatical form for the sentence. Pick the INCORRECT form as your answer, and on your answer sheet, circle the corresponding letter.16.The Mercandiser widget isA so named bec ause itB believed isC discovered be to by Albert Mercandiser, a Dutchman Dby birth. 17. Although the city acquired modernizations ofA recent more a kind during the twentieth century,B its present appearance Cshapes took during D .nineteenth the 18.As she A qrew older her vision B began sporadically to fade, so that intermittent times theC seldom knew what sheD looking was at. 19. A For the grounds that fiction is not B y objectivel true, there C are those who Dobject to it.20.As Christmas approached, with peopleAcrowded department stores, restaurants, theaters and movie houses, the downtown area B was, C , always as theD busiest. 21. A you, Mind under no circumstances B are you to allow your C child to change D broken bulbs by himself.22.Today, I firmly A believe, they B deliver the new television, and if they C do, I D shall help you set up the cable stations.23. TheAyear -f ive project would B expose C l educationa disadvantaged students to Ds experience both creative and enriching. 24. At the museum, I saw various exhibits of Af amily ape members, B was and particularly C struck by one groupD f aces had they resembling humans. 25.So far A is story the from being true that I B surprised was anyoneC believed have could itD was so. 26. To the most famous A alumnae B were extendedC a special invitation to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary ofD their graduation. 27. Whether she is A pretty as , or prettier than B the other girls C in her officeD is moot. 28. A f or But the services provided by B eaters,-insect insects C will make D it impossible to live.29.Unless those currently working –both men and women -- Agiven be would theB necessary training for somewhat higher positions, unemployment in general will becomeC ly increasing more serious as automationD continues . 30. Improved agro-technology rendered Af easible it for far more people To B f ed be per square unit than C can be fed on Dthe produce formerly available in the same area.PART Ⅲ: CLOZE [10%]DIRECTIONS: Choose as your answer the word that best fits the blank. On your answer sheet, circle the corresponding letter.There is no question but that Newton was a highly competent Minister of the Mint. It was mainly through his efforts [1] the English currency was put on [2] satisfactory basis at a difficult time. [3] discovered a relationship between prices and [4] amount of money in circulation, which [5] later formalized in the so-called “quality [6] ”of money: if the amount of [7]In circulation is doubled –other things [8] the same –then prices also will[9] double. This is a simple application [10] the principle that it is impossible [11] get something for nothing, but apparently [12] took someone like Newton to discover it. There [13] an obvious comparison with Copernicus, who [14] the Polish government on currency questions [15]in doing so discovered another important [16] (usually known as Gresham’s Law): when [17] money is accepted as legal tender, [18] money will be driven out of [19] . Copernicus anticipated Gresham in the formulation [20] this law.1. a. which b. why c. that d. for2. a. a b. very c. the d. most3. a. It b. He c. Was d. We4. a. an b. their c. the d. big5. a. too b. was c. they d. has6. a. theory b. them c. thesis d. proposal7. a. coins b. currency c. bills d. gold8. a. stay b. much c. remaining d. be9. a. come b. seem c. multiply d. approximately10. a. for b. of c. calling d. by11. a. our b. to c. for d. we12. a. they b. had c. it d. he13. a. is b. comes c. be d. with14. a. talked b. advised c. formed d. created15. a. from b. but c. and d. by16. a. true b. legend c. theme d. law17. a. much b. foreign c. bad d. lawful18. a. good b. much c. bad d. some19. a. work b. function c. marketing d. circulation20. a. for b. by c. of d. toPART Ⅳ: READING COMPREHENSION [30%]DIRECTIONS: Read each passage and answer all the questions that follow the passage. On your answer sheet, circle the letter that best answers the question.1.There is little question that substantial labor-market differences exist between men and women. Among the most researched difference is the male-female wage gap. Many different theories are used to explain why men earn more than women. One possible reason is based on the limitedgeographical mobility of married women [Robert Frank, 1978]. Family mobility is a joint decision in which the needs of the husband and wife are balanced to maximize family welfare. Job-motivated relocations are generally made to benefit the primary earner in the family. This leads to a constrained job search for the secondary earner, as he or she must search for a job in a limited geographic area. Since the husband is still the primary wage earner in many families, the job search of the wife may suffer. Individuals who are tied to a certain area are labeled ‘tied-stayers,’while secondary earners who move for the benefit of the family are labeled ‘tied-movers’[Jacob Mincer, 1978].The wages of a tied-stayer or tied-mover may not be substantially lower if the family lives in or moves to a large city. If a large labor market has more vacancies, the wife may locate a wage offer near the maximum she would find with a nation-wide search. However, being atied-stayer or tied-mover can lower the wife’s wage if the family lives in or moves to a small community. A small labor market will reduce the likelihood of her finding a job that utilizes her skills. As a result she may accept a job for which she is overqualified and thus earn a lower wage. This hypothesized relationship between the likelihood of being overqualified and SMSA size is termed ‘differential overqualification. ’Frank [1978] and Haim Ofek and Yesook Merrill [1994] provide support for the theory of differential overqualification by finding that the male-female wage gap is grater in smaller SMSA’s.While the results are consistent with the existence of differential overqualificatio n, they may also result from other situations as well. Firms in small labor markets may use their monopsony power to keep wages down. Local demand shocks are found to be a major source of wage variation both across and within local labor markets [Robert Topel, 1986]. Since large labor markets are generally more diversified, a demand shock can have a substantial impact on immobile workers in small labor markets. Another reason for examining differential overqualification involves the assumption that there are more vacancies in large labor markets. While there is little doubt that more vacancies exist in large labor markets, there are also likely to be more people searching for jobs in large labor markets. If the greater number of vacancies is offset by the larger number of searchers, it is unclear whether women will be more likely to be overqualified in small labor markets. Instead of relying on wages to determine if differential overqualification exists, we consider an explicit form of over qualification based on education.1. In the author’s opinion, the male-female wage gapa. is the most important difference.b. is justified.c. has important repercussions on family life.d. represents a sexist attitude toward women.e. is simply one of a considerable number of labor-market differences.2.‘Geographic mobility,’as used in the text, refers toa. the way in which Americans tend to move from job to job.b. the penchant wage-earners have to maximize family welfare.c. the necessity to relocate in order to increase wages.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.3. In the author’s opinion, which of the following statements is true?a. The term ‘secondary earner’ does not depend on gender.b. If A will earn more money than B, family welfare is maximized if B agrees to relocate.c. If B will earn more money than A, family welfare is maximized if A agrees to relocate.d. All of the above are true.e. None of the above are true.4.The difference between a ‘tied-stayer’and ‘tied- mover’is that.a. the former is the husband and the latter is the wife.b. the primary earner is forced to search for work in a specific area while the secondary earner is freer to roam about.c. the former is obliged to remain in an area while the latter not.d. the former is the wife and the latter is the husband.e. the latter’s salary is of secondary importance to the former’s salary.5. With which of the following statements would the author agree?a. The size of the labor market determines recompense.b. The size of the labor market determines acquired skills utilization.c. The size of the labor market determines the probability of matching skills withappropriate wage level.d. The author would agree with all of the level.e. The author would agree with none of the above.6. The names and dates between parenthesesa. refer to bibliographical entries.b. explain who discussed what and when they discussed it.c. are references to what the author has read.d. may be described by all of the above.e. may be described by none of the above.2.] The repression in the Netherlands, instead of solving a crucial problem, elicited bitter criticism from every major European state. Alba was unrepentant about his tough policy convinced than the population must remain in a state of fear, ‘so that every individual has the feeling that one fine night or morning the house will fall in on him.’Of the leading dissidents who escaped from Alba’s hands, only William of Orange remained. Tall, dark-haired, with a small moustache and a short peaked beard, the prince of Orange-Nassau was aged thirty-five at the moment that fortune left him in the unenviable role of defender of his country. A comrade-in-arms of Philip during the latter’s years abro ad inmid-century, he never made a secret of his concern for the privileges of his class or of his dislike for religious dogmatism. Widowed in 1558, in 1561 he married Anne, the Lutheran daughter of the late Maurice of Saxony. The marriage, celebrated in Leipzig, gave him a useful link with the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. When news came of Alba’s departure from Spain, Orange opportunely took refuge in Germany. It became clear that the only way to regain the Netherlands was by the use of them. In the course of 1568 Orange sponsored invasions by several small forces, which entered from France and from Germany. All were defeated. Captured prisoners gave details of Orange’s links with protestants in several countries. The invasions could not fail to affect the fate of the distinguished prisoners in Alba’s hands. On 5 June 1568, in the public square of Brussels, the counts of Egmont and Hornes were beheaded for high treason.The executions shocked opinion throughout Europe. The two nobles, as knights of the Golden Fleece, could be tried only by their peers. But Philip, grand master of the order, had cleared the way for the trial by a special patent which he had drawn up in April 1567 and sent to Alba in December. There is no doubt that Philip considered Egmont responsible for much of the trouble in Flanders, but the pressure for an exemplary punishment came rather from themembers of his council, particularly [it seems] from cardinal Espinosa. Alba had always regretted the need to arrest the two counts, whom ‘‘I have always loved and esteemed as my own brother. ” According to some, he was reluctant to proceed to execution. Philip wrote formally to Alba: “I very deeply regret that the offenses of the counts were so serious that they called for the punishment tha t has been carried out.” The remorse, which came too late, was probably sincere. The counts were victims of a political crisis. Their names, interestingly enough, continued to be held in honour at the Spanish court. A book on the events of Flanders published in Castile a few years later, when all books had to be licensed by the royal council, referred to them as “outstanding princes, well loved and of the highest and finest character.”1. ‘Bitter criticism’is criticism that isa. sour.b. major.c. angry.d. vinegary.e. none of the above.2. The repression in the Netherlands was wrought bya. minor European states.b. Alba.c. William of Oranged. all of the above.e. none of the above.3. We may assume thata. the prince of Orange-Nassau was married twice.b. the marriage was premised upon political consideration.c. some of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire were protestants.d. the counts of Egmont and Hornes were decapitated in retaliation for the invasions.e. all of the above are true.4. Philipa. travelled to various countries in the mid-16th century.b. was the chief officer of the knights the Golden Fleece.c. was Alba’s superior.d. may have reluctantly acceded to the beheading.e. may be described by all of the above.5. Which of the following is true?a. In the text, Flanders and the Netherlands are two completely separate entities.b. Cardinal Espinosa was instrumental in swaying Philip’s councilc. Philip was personally opposed to the punishment.d. All of the above are true.e. None of the above are true.6. The deaths of the two countsa. were caused more by the political situation than by their actions.b. did not destroy their reputations in Spain.c. were brought about by their brother, Alba.d. may be described by none of the above statements.e. may be described by [a] and [b].3.] Despite efforts to provide them with alternatives such as the shelter, women frequently andrepeatedly returned to violent and abusive partner. By the late 1970s, feminists at Women Together, like those doing similar work throughout the United States, began to understand that battered women experience a range of post-traumatic psychological responses to abuse, similar to those of victims of other types of violence or trauma. Subsequently, the psychological response of battered women became reified as “battered woman syndrome,”a sub-category of post-traumatic stress disorder. Interestingly, in the course of trying to create social change, the focus of feminists perceptibly shifted to trying to explain why battered women fail to leave the partners who beat them. In trying to address this question, a debate ensued among feminists and mental health workers as to potential merits and problems of categorizing as mental disorder what many feminists labeled a normal response to fear and an appropriately angry response to abuse. Although many women left abusive relationships or successfully ended violence by other means, some responded to ongoing or accelerated abuse by killing or trying to kill their male partners. In many states, when they went to trial, such women found they were restricted from introducing testimony about the abuse they had endured or their resulting states of mind. In trying to address these women’s ne eds, some activists and scholars advocated the use of expert testimony to explain battered woman syndrome to juries. This strategy would introduce evidence of past abuse and challenge the gender biases of self-defense law by explaining the woman’s stage of mind at the time of the offense. Feminist legal scholars raised potential problems in the use of battered woman syndrome. They argued that it could be used against women who did not neatly fit pre-established criteria and had the potential to become another example of the tendency to label women’s normal angry responses as mental illness. While the desirability of working to admit expert testimony was debated, individual state courts and legislatures varied in their willingness to recognize battered woman syndrome, permit evidence of past abuse, or allow expert testimony. As the legal debate about battered women’s responses to violence was beginning to unfold, the Ohio movement became directly involved in it when a former shelter resident shot and killed her abusive common law husband. In 1978 women Together, in conjunction with the woman’s lawyer, decided to challenge existing law by trying to introduce battered woman syndrome expert testimony at trial.Because at the time the syndrome had little scientific merit or legal recognition, the trial court declared inadmissibility, a decision upheld by the State supreme Court (State v. Thomas 1981 66 Ohio St. 2d 51).Women Together founders left the shelter to establish professional careers, viewing this as a means of advancing the feminist agenda. The frustrations, limitations and defeats they had experienced as outside challengers impelled them to adopt a strategy of infiltration and appropriation of the institutions they sought to change. For example, on founder, who had worked through lobbying for ERA America in addition to her other feminist activism, explained her decision to run for elected office by saying:“[When ERA was defeated] I decided to run for the legislature. I said I can do better than these turkeys.”1. Battered woman syndrome isa. a psychological response.b. a sub-category of a specific stress disorder.c. similar to that experienced by a range of victims.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.2. Generally speaking, women who are beatena. address questions to feminists.b. return to their male partners.c. require an explanation for the beating.d. leave their partners.e. do none of the above.3. A debate arose as to whethera. feminists of mental health workers were correct.b. battered wives should return to their husbands.c. anger and fear were appropriate or inappropriate.d. focus should be shifted.e. all of they above.4. Responses to abuse by male partners includea. leaving them.b. killing them.c. other means.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.5. The use of expert testimonya. depends on the situation.b. is a way around legal restrictions.c. is required by state laws in women’s trials.d. is a way of ending abuse by other means.e. may not be defined by any of the above.6. We may assume that prior to the period discussed self-defensea. applied to men only.b. posed a problem for the battered woman syndrome.c. refers to expert testimony.d. includes all of the above.e. includes none of the above.7. The word “turkeys”a. refers to the bird that Americans eat at Thanksgiving.b. is an unflattering reference to other law-makers.c. is an unflattering reference to the speaker herself.d. will be explained in the following paragraph.e. refers to none of the above.4.] The position of Burleigh School in the English educational system would be very difficult to explain to a foreigner (who has, God knows, enough to contend with in comprehending the other parts of the system). Nor would it be possible to refer him to any works of literature (before the present one) from which he could gain enlightenment. The prep schools have had their Orwell, the public schools their Connolly and Benedictus, the convent schools their Antonia White, the private boarding schools their Waugh and Nicolas Blake. No one has thought it worth their while to eulogize or anathematize schools like Burleigh. Indeed, schools like Burleigh do not seem the sort of places from which writers emerge.And yet, any medium-sized town in the southern half of England has its Burleigh School: a private day school to which, for a not too exorbitant fee, parents can send their children and boast that they are privately educated. Not well educated, but privately. Burleigh itself had been。