风机发电机基础Fundamentals of wind turbinesFundamentals of wind turbines风机设计基础(Basics of Wind Turbine Design)•风机技术规范(Wind Turbine Specification)•功率等级(Rating)•叶片数目和风轮优化(Blade Number & RotorOptimisation)•气动调节(Aerodynamic Regulation)•安全系统–风轮刹车(Safety System –Rotor Brake)•转动模式(Speed Mode)Fundamentals of wind turbines风机技术规范(Wind Turbine Specification)•目标市场(Target market )以便在开发进入产品设计时样机的确定和定义影响设计的关键市场约束(噪音，视觉，噪音，视觉，电磁干扰，电网，运输限制等等电磁干扰，电网，运输限制等等)(forthe prototype after development into a production design and definition of key market constraints that will affect the design (acoustic, visual, EMI, grid, transportation limits, other))•确定环境条件(Definition of the environmental conditions )以便为风机设计选择设计标准和风场等级及以便为风机设计选择设计标准和风场等级及其他其他其他选择选择(for thedesign via selection of a design standard and site class or otherwise)Fundamentals of wind turbines风力发电机将风的动能转化成电能(A wind turbine converts thekinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy要求(Requirements:)•廉价的电(low cost electricity)•能生存(survival!)•对环境影响最小(minimum environmental impact)WINDTEC 1.5MWFunctional SpecificationFundamentals of wind turbines1.叶片(Blade)2. 叶片轮毂(Blade hub)3. 叶片轴承(Blade bearing)4. 主轴(Main shaft)5. 次发电机(Secondary generator)6. 齿轮箱(Gearbox)7. 刹车片(Disk brake)8. 冷油器(Oil cooler)9. 万向轴(Cardan shaft)10. 主发电机(Primary generator)11. 维护吊车(Service crane)12. 变浆液压缸(Pitch cylinder)13. 设备基础(Machine) foundation14. 塔架(Tower)15. 偏航控制(Yaw control)16. 齿轮连杆(Gear tie rod)17. 偏航环(Yaw ring)18. 偏航齿轮(Yaw gears)19. VMP 上部控制单元(VMP top control unit)20. 液压单元(Hydraulic unit)风机的原理图(Schematic diagram of turbine)Fundamentals of wind turbines•风湍流(Wind turbulence)•失速(Stall)•高周疲劳(High cycle fatigue)•变化的传动系统载荷(Varyingdrive train loads)•共振动力学(Resonant dynamics)•高可靠性(High reliability)•低成本(Low cost)•尾流相互作用(Wake interactions)风机是复杂的(Wind turbines are complicated)Fundamentals of wind turbines•风(Wind)•空气动力学(Aerodynamics)•叶片动力学(Blade dynamics)•控制(Control)•传动系统(Drive train)•电气网络(Electricalnetwork)•塔架(Tower)•基础(Foundations)每部分都是耦合在一起的(Everything is coupled)Fundamentals of wind turbines发电生产的基本概念(Basics of Power Production)•风功率与风速的三次方成正比(Wind power proportional tocube of wind speed)•出于实际的和经济效益的考虑必须限制风机的功率(Practical and economic reasons for limiting turbine power)•风轮设计(Rotor designs)Fundamentals of wind turbines风的分布和风机功率曲线(Wind distribution and power curve)风速[米/秒]电功率兆瓦概率密度Fundamentals of wind turbines叶片数目(Blade Number)123两片叶Wind Turbines with Two Blades 从历史上看：高速，低转矩，但比三叶片噪音大(Historically higherspeed, lower torque, noisierthan three blades)空气动力学效率比三叶片低4%(Aerodynamic efficiency 4%lower than three blades)静止时可平衡,但是需要跷跷板轮毂来减少循环载荷(Staticallybalanced but needs teeter hingeto reduce cyclic loading)WE G MS3=300Fundamentals of wind turbines三叶片Three Blades•较小的循环载荷,简单刚性轮毂(Dynamically balancedand hence lower cyclic loadswith simple rigid hub)•低视觉影响(Moreacceptable visual impact)Fundamentals of wind turbines设计选型 上风向或者下风向(Design options=upwind or downwind)风风上风向(Upwind)下风向(Downwind)Fundamentals of wind turbines上风向或者下风向(Upwind or downwind?)上风向(Upwind)•塔影对载荷和噪音的影响较小(reduced tower shadow effect on loads and noise)•叶轮推力可以补偿风轮的悬臂重力距(rotor thrust offsetsoverhung rotor weight)•叶片 塔架的净空会有问题(blade 1tower clearance moreproblematic)•必须主动偏航(active yaw)下风向(Downwind)•塔影对载荷和噪音有很大的影响(significant tower shadow effect on loads and noise)•风轮推力叠加到风轮的悬臂重力距上(rotor thrust adds tooverhung rotor weight)•净空问题不大(blade 1tower clearance less problematic)•可以被动偏航(passive yaw is possible)Fundamentals of wind turbinesFundamentals of wind turbines上风向(Upwind)WindMaster: Blades bend towards tower in high windsMWT 300: Blades coned androtor axis tilted Fundamentals of wind turbines10 x Carter CWT 300 kW, Great Orton, NW England (now repowered)下风向(Downwind)Fundamentals of wind turbines气动调节(Aerodynamic Regulation)风机系统设计中的两个主要要求是在风轮的空气动力和概念设计时满足的。

(Two main challenges in wind turbine system design are usually addressed in the aerodynamic and concept design of the rotor)•限制风轮的功率–通常利用叶片变浆距(limiting rotor power –typically byblade pitching)•防止风能过速–目前大多数也是通过改变叶片浆距，有些利用叶尖刹车，很少使用机械刹车(preventing rotor overspeed –most usually now also by bladepitching, sometimes by tip brakes and rarely by mechanical shaft brake(s))调节过速比调节功率相对简单，但是应付气动调节过速比调节功率相对简单，但是应付气动扭矩的反应和变化。

扭矩的反应和变化。

(Regulating overspeed is a less complex procedure than power regulation but much more demanding in terms of reacting/changing aerodynamic torque.)Fundamentals of wind turbines•简单，低成本的方案(simple, low cost solution)•较低的发电量，较高的推力载荷(lower energy yield, higher thrust loads)•设计的不确定性(design uncertainty)•除非采用主动失速需另加气动刹车(separate aerodynamic brake exceptwith “active stall”)怎样调节功率？(How can the power beregulated?)a) 失速调节(Stall regulation)风固定浆距角Fundamentals of wind turbines•变浆系统硬件和控制的较大复杂性和成本(greatercomplexity and cost of pitch system hardware and control)•低载荷(lower loads)•“内置”空气动力刹车(“built in ”aerodynamic braking)如何控制功率(How can power be controlled?)b)变浆调节(Pitch regulation)Fundamentals of wind turbines0.00.51.01.52.02.53.019961998200020022004yearr a t i o o f p i t c h /s t a l l在兆瓦级风机中变浆调节和失速调节应用的比例(Ratio of pitch to stall regulated designs –MW scale)变浆/失速年份Fundamentals of wind turbines监控(Supervisory control)•关机和开机等等的逻辑(logic for stops & starts etc)•偏航控制(yaw control)•故障检测,正常状态监视(fault detection, health monitoring)闭环控制(Closed loop control)•功率和/或速度调节(regulation of power and/or speed)•驱动器过多的要求(avoiding excessive actuator demands)•减轻风机载荷(alleviating turbine loads)安全系统(Safety system)•风机在正常工作限以外运行时启动(activated when turbine outside normal operating limits)•确保不超过设计界线(ensures design limits not exceeded)•维护风机在安全状态(maintains turbine in safe condition )风机控制和安全系统(Wind turbine control and safety systems)Fundamentals of wind turbines风轮叶片(Rotor blades)•固定浆距,失速调节(fixedpitch stall regulation)•变浆调节(pitch regulation)•主动失速(active stall)发电机(Generator )•定速(fixed speed)•变速(variable speed)•变滑差(variable slip)设计选型 控制概念(Design options =control concept)设计选型 塔架(Design options –tower)桁架式塔架悬臂式塔架拉杆式塔架Fundamentals of wind turbinesFundamentals of wind turbinesFundamentals of wind turbines风机尺寸的增长(Growth of wind turbine size)15m 20m40m 50m124m1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003Fundamentals of wind turbines风机尺寸的增长(Growth of wind turbine size)196024m199643m199754m200080m2002104m2003技术发展趋势(Technology developments)•更好的理解(Better understanding)–测量(measurements)–预测(predictions)•组长,柔性风轮设计(Low solidity, flexibile rotor designs)•直驱(Direct drive)•复杂的控制(Sophisticated control)•大型风机 海上风场(Larger scale –offshore)•为海上风机进行专门的设计(Offshore specific designs)Fundamentals of wind turbines基本概念总结(Summary of Fundamentals)介绍了(Reviewed)•技术规范(Specification)•关于结构和运行的主要决定(The main decisions aboutconfiguration and operation)要进一步介绍(Yet to come)•风轮空气动力学(Rotor aerodynamics)•力和动力响应(Forces and dynamics)•控制(Control)•认证(Certification)•有关海上风机，厂址特定和地震的问题(Offshore, site specific and seismic issues)Fundamentals of wind turbines。