cod
In anglerfish, the anterior of the dorsal fin is modified into a fishing rod and lure for attracting the prey.
尾鳍The caudal fin is the tail fin, located at the end of the caudal peduncle and is used for propulsion. (A) - 歪型尾Heterocercal means the vertebrae extend into the upper lobe of the tail, making it longer (as in sharks). (B) - 原型尾Diphycercal means the vertebrae extend to the tip of the tail and the tail is symmetrical (as in the bichir, lungfish, lamprey and coelacanth). (C) - 正型尾Homocercal where the fin appears superficially symmetric but in fact the vertebrae extend for a very short distance into the upper lobe of the fin
In many fish, the pectoral fins aid in walking, especially in the lobe-like fins of some anglerfish and in the mudskipper.
Anglerfish (frogfish)
mudskipper Certain rays of the pectoral fins may be adapted into finger-like projections, such as in sea robins.
A peculiar function of pectoral fins, highly developed in some fish, such as sharks, is the creation of the dynamic lifting force. In flying fish, the long pectoral fin help fish sliding out of the water.
Coregonus maraena
胸鳍原基发生的主要阶段
(A) Establishment of the fin field within the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), highlighted in blue. (B) At 20 h postfertilization (hpf) the fin mesenchyme migrates towards the fin field. (C) Over the next few hours, the mesenchyme proliferates and a small bud becomes visible. (D) Apical ectodermal ridge (AER) formation. (E) Cartilage condensation starts around 1.5 days postfertilization in a proximal central core of the fin bud. (F) Larval pectoral fin at four days postfertilization. Dark blue represents all cartilaginous elements that are derived from the fin bud mesenchyme and constitute the larval pectoral fin. ac, actinotrichia; AF, apical fold; cc, cartilage condensation; cl, cleithrum; ec, ectoderm; ed, endochondral disc; IM, intermediate mesoderm; mes, mesenchyme; nt, neural tube; pc, postcoracoid process; sc, scapulocoracoid process; so, somites.
cephalic fins
The "horns" of manta rays and their relatives are called cephalic fins; this is actually a modification of the anterior portion of the pectoral fin.
minnows sunfish
abdominal position thoracic position
burbot
Paired fins are absent in lampreys and hagfish.
背鳍 Dorsal fins are located on the back. A fish can have up to three dorsal fins.
鱼类的背鳍和臀鳍，是分类学的主要依据之一。 记载鱼类鳍的组成和鳍条数目的方式，称鳍式。 如，鲈鱼的鳍式：D. XII,I-13 D表示背鳍,两个背鳍,第一背鳍由棘组成,第二背鳍由1根棘 和13根鳍条组成.
Ceratotrichia: soft and unsegmented rays in Shark fin, are filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny keratin in hair and feathers.
鱼 类 的 外 形 和 形 态 学 参 数
鲨鱼的外部形态和形态学参数
鱼类的基本形态
1.流线型 2.侧扁型
3.平扁型
4.棒型
鱼类的怪异的外形
Body shape change during the ontogeny in some fish
compressiform
filiform
eel
鳗鲡
A、同源：指在进化上有着共同的起源。 同源器官有时在形态、功能上不尽相同， 但在基本结构、胚胎发生的来源上却彼此 相似。
例如，鲨鱼的盾鳞和牙齿是同源器 官，它们在基本结构上都是由珐琅 质、齿质形成，内有髓腔；在胚胎 发生上，它们全是由外胚层和中胚 层两部分组成。
B、区分证据 从现存的成体动物中要区分器官的同源问 题是困难的，可以从古生物学化石(系统 发生上)和胚胎学(个体发生上)的旁证。 重演律：个体发育要重演它的系统（种 族）发展
软条(ray):末端分支的鳍条和末端不分支的鳍条 硬棘(spines )
鳍
奇鳍:背鳍(D)、臀鳍(A)、尾鳍(C) 偶鳍(附肢)：胸鳍(P)、腹鳍(V)
胸鳍的类型
The paired pectoral fins are located on each side, usually just behind the operculum, and are homologous to the forelimbs of tetrapods.
头部器官
下位
口: 位置、大小
眼:无泪腺,无眼睑
端位 上位
大
小
口
唇:无肌肉组织.多数鱼 类是皮包颌骨. 须:
须2对 须5对
胭脂鱼
眼睛位置不同
眼睛大小不同
眼睛颜色不同
脂眼睑
瞬褶
瞬膜
鼻孔(Nostril):软骨鱼类的鼻孔位于腹面,硬 骨鱼类位于背面.硬骨鱼类的鼻孔被隔成两 个开孔, 鳃孔或鳃裂 喷水孔
Mabee et al., Mol Dev Evol, 2002
Lesser spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula
Freitas et al.,Nature,2006
斑马鱼背鳍和臀鳍的发生
脂鳍的形成由两种模式分别如图所示一、二
Pygocentrus nattereri
鱼类的比较组织解剖
研究鱼类正常形态结构的科学
目的：理解和掌握正常鱼类形态结构的基本知识和理 论，为学习其他课程打下一定的形态学基础。
系统解剖：按鱼类的功能系统分别阐述鱼体器 官的形态结构和位置。 比较解剖：研究鱼体器官在不同类群中的特点 及其变化规律。
鱼体可从形态和功能上分为八大或十大系统： 肌肉系统、骨骼系统（合称运动系统） 循环系统 消化系统 呼吸系统 泌尿系统、生殖系统（合称尿殖系统） 内分泌系统 神经系vic or ventral fins are typically located ventrally below and behind the pectoral fins, They are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods. The pelvic fin assists the fish in going up or down through the water, turning sharply, and stopping quickly.
蝠鲼
鲨鱼
飞鱼
胸鳍滑翔，尾鳍快速击打水面
飞鱼：飞出水面滑翔
鱼类的皮肤(skin)
表皮(epidermis): 真皮(dermis)
皮肤中的腺体
奇鳍在进化上是先出现的
Haikouichthys ercaicunensis
ZHANG & HOU，J . EVOL. B IOL.2004