ECQFD在电动汽车环保和可持续发展设计上的应用S. Vinodh •Gopinath Rathod【摘要】环保意识被视为在竞争激烈的市场情况下的生存至关重要的概念。
对于注入环保意识，在产品设计的早期阶段是重要的。
本文提出了其中的重点是环保意识的质量功能展开（ECQFD）应用到电动汽车的研究。
ECQFD包括四个阶段。
ECQFD第一和第二阶段关心的是鉴定的重要部件，电动汽车是提高环保意识至关重要。
ECQFD第三和第四阶段是用来分析哪些设计变更中的电动车设计方案制定方面是最有效改善环境。
研究结果表明，它可在早期的产品设计和开发阶段的应用，以确保可持续性。
【关键词】质量功能展开、产品设计、质量功能展开环保意识、环保设计简介今天,低碳经济已经成为所有组织的目标。
挑战和机会是开发产品和过程更安全、更少毒素,高效节能,使用较少的水和减少温室气体排放。
环境问题,例如全球变暖和废弃物处理几十年来变得越来越严重。
随着的环保意识的增强，从全球变暖到当地废物处置，组织和政府面临着越来越大的压力,减少生产和消费产生的有害物质对环境的影响。
对产品规划，国际化和一体化的生态影响可以概念化迫切需要更广泛的市场营销战略环境框架。
公众对环境的关注，促进了环保的市场价值和公众对环境改善看法的重要性。
环境问题的上涨,在利益相关者的企业,企业应回应战略环境营销活动设计来满足环保需求的扩大过程、产品和包装(Pujari和赖特1996)。
制造业正面临一个新的重大挑战，由于可持续发展能源和自然资源被逐渐耗竭。
可持续发展的关键问题重新被发达的社会群体和所有主要组织所关注，汽车行业正面临着一个新的经济、科技和政治环境。
汽车制造商已经明确承诺供应市场更安全、更环保的产品并不断投资于研发，旨在进一步产品的改进。
今天,混合动力汽车的袭击,因为在市场上的联合工程和环境绩效。
电动汽车的电动马达和内燃机，他们是交替使用orcan相互补充,从而不断优化之间的平衡环境保护和动力性。
质量功能展开(QFD)是用于分析一个产品产品或产品结构,以实现这些功能，是一种设计工具，适用于早期的产品开发。
随着可持续发展的逐渐被关注，导致许多公司在研究如何解决他们的环境问题。
为了实现持续改进、环保意识设计(环保设计)或环境设计器正在成为一个越来越重要的话题。
在此背景下,环保意识的质量功能展开(ECQFD)已经应用于电动汽车调查研究。
ECQFD包括四个阶段。
第一阶段和第二阶段专注于产品设计考虑与环境和传统的要求。
在这个过程中，设计工程师将从环境角度来看提高设计的产品。
ECQFD第三和第四阶段使设计工程师检查设计改进的可能性，并确定组件的改善率和效果。
方法论在这项研究中所采用的方法如图所示。
1、研究基于QFD开始文献回顾以及对保护环境方面的应用。
其次是通过ECQFD模型及其应用于电动汽车让环保意识落实到产品的设计。
第一阶段是关于ECQFD在电动车上面的应用。
第二阶段是有关工程指标(EM)项目产品组件。
在第三阶段估计项目设计变更对电磁效应的影响。
第四阶段的目的如何将电磁设计对环境的要求变成影响。
继以推导出实用的推论。
个案研究已经启用的ECQFD环境意识设计应用已经说明了这一节。
公司的案件案例研究了位于印度的组织，进行电动车辆生产(EVM）的班加罗尔,卡纳塔克邦。
EVM成立至今，一直致力于生产环境友好型和经济的电动车上面。
(VOC)和环境电磁本部分介绍类型的需求必须考虑环境的属性的观点，通过整个产品生命周期和其他相关因素,整合环境项目形成一套行之有效的VOC和电磁环境。
对于回收和政府规定，通过工程学的角度来看，他们被视为挥发性有机化合物。
环境挥发性有机化合物环境挥发性有机化合物经常被选择用于覆盖大部分的环境问题的产品,所以设计师还要考虑环境问题，把他们纳入产品的开发。
他的优势在于容易驾驶,全自动驱动(没有离合器和无齿轮);无内胎轮胎。
最低运行成本，侧面碰撞梁钢网架，每次充电范围在80公里，容易在家或办公室充电，易于去公园;进出门;高端的知名度;可折叠后座椅;更多的行李空间、维护自由交流电机;自动特性、耗电少,速度80公里/小时,更好上下坡;盘式制动器,增加改进再生制动力矩;增加室内空间;防滑,色彩镶板,气候控制席位,快速加速和无维修发电机组。
环境电磁环境电磁包括高转矩异步电机、交流马达控制器和再生制动350微处理器,高频开关电源充电器;以微处理器为基础的电池管理系统;功率电池(铅酸电池);许多材料的类型、零件的数量;“零排放”;动力传动性能;能源效率;再生材料的价格，少的轮胎磨损，物理寿命和体积识别进行改进的目标。
ECQFD一期第一阶段描述ECQFD在电动汽车上的应用。
表1说明电磁挥发性有机化合物的部署。
一般VOC项目基于市场调查,揭示了“客户的权重为基础”。
“9”的评级表明,这是非常重要的,“3”表明,它是很重要的," 1 "表明相对重要。
VOC对于环境的重要程度是建立在产品的生命周期的概念上的。
挥发性有机化合物和电磁干扰项目之间的映射点表明这两个因素关系的强度影响设计师的决定。
相似的挥发性有机化合物的物品,“9”表示强烈关系,“3”表示中等关系,“1 ”表明相对关系。
在这里,在之间的映射点的环境挥发性有机化合物的物品和环境电磁项目、价值观的关系的力量提供给设计师,使他们做出决策。
例如,EM价值观念,如“350单片机和再生制动性能训练”、“动力传动系统”和“交流马达控制器”的原始分为“0.12”、“0.10”和“0.08”,分别是相对重要的,以满足客户的要求:“容易驾驶”、“全自动驱动(没有离合器和无齿轮)”、“容易在家里或办公室充电”和“免维护交流电机”。
ECQFD二期第二阶段是有关的EM项目在产品元件的部署。
每一种产品的相对重要性是在一个类似的方式在第二阶段被表示。
正如表二,可以发现,“能源管理体系”、“交流电机”和“交流马达控制器”的是重要组成部分。
从改进现有的系统环境的角度来看,其结果比较关心的质量功能展开的结果和不环境挥发性有机化合物和环境电磁物品。
第二阶段的结果表明,交流电机、交流马达控制器,能量吸收保险杠，是重要的能源管理系统的一部分。
改进设计的评价方法提高设计工程师对产品环境问题的认识，在评估环境方面也是改变设计的一种有效的过程中的重要部件。
ECQFD III期在第三阶段，评价他们设计变化对项目的影响。
一般来说,设计工程师可以使了几种替代方案。
有两种选择，设计工程师来决定他们的重点。
一种方法源于挥发性有机化合物，另一种方法是研究在第二阶段最重要的组件。
在这里,从环境的角度为主，来决定设计改进方案。
选项一•已在交流电机应该尽可能的降低使用数量。
•交流电动机物理寿命必须尽可能长。
•应尽可能使用再生材料提高保险杠吸收能量率。
•采用无内胎轮胎的材料类型应该尽量少。
•以微处理器为基础的能源管理体系,应实行能源管理系统。
选择二•能源管理系统应包括350微处理器为基础的再生式制动。
•能源利用效率的能量管理系统应该尽可能多的在一起。
•交流电机消散能量效率应很高。
•交流电机应具有高转矩交流感应电机。
•能量吸收保险杠应该有350微处理器为基础的再生式制动。
研究结果及讨论ECQFD使设计工程人员能够选择最有效的环保意识的设计方案。
为了切实验证ECQFD应用的有效性,对公司高管进行EMV调查问卷。
受访者的设计、生产和质量管理部门的EMV。
这些人员拥有对公司精通的生产实践经验。
作为ECQFD过程的结果,改变了环境意识在电动车的早期阶段的影响。
到目前，已经整合能源管理及能量吸收保险杠以350一个以微处理器为基础的再生式制动。
结论环保要求必须考虑等于成本和质量的传统要求。
在产品开发过程中出现的所有阶段引入环境的要求，产品的生命周期使EMV发展环保意识的电动汽车。
ECQFD已经制定了纳入质量功能展开（挥发性有机化合物和EM）的环境因素来处理环境和传统的产品质量，共同在产品设计的早期阶段实现可持续发展。
ECQFD使组织设计环保意识的产品。
设计工程师可以识别出电动车更重要的组件,以使其更加环保的帮助ECQFD第一阶段和第二阶段。
ECQFD阶段第三类和第四类被用来分析，关于环境的改善，电动车设计方案中的那些变更是最有效的。
ECQFD所产生的设计方案使组织更倾向于环保意识的产品。
在本研究中，ECQFD应用于电动汽车。
今后,该方法可以推广到多个产品,为确保可持续发展。
同时,可以做细化的ECQFD框架提高效益。
Application of ECQFD for enabling environmentallyconscious design and sustainable development in anelectric vehicleS. Vinodh • Gopinath RathodAbstract Environmental consciousness is regarded as a vital concept for survival in the competitive market scenario. The need for infusing environmental consciousness during early stage of product design is important. This article reports a study which is focused on the application of Environmentally Conscious Quality Function Deployment (ECQFD) to an electric vehicle. ECQFD consists of four phases. ECQFD phases I and II are concerned with the identification important parts of electric vehicle that are vital for improving the environmental consciousness. ECQFD phases III and IV are used to analyze which design changes among the formulated design options of electric vehicle are most effective with regard to environmental improvement. The study results indicate that it could be applied in early product design and development stages for ensuring sustainability.Keywords Quality Function Deployment、Product design、Environmentally Conscious Quality Function Deployment、Design for EnvironmentIntroductionToday, carbon footprint reduction is expected of all organizations.The challenge and the opportunity is to develop products and processes that are safer, less toxic, more energy efficient, use less water and produce fewer green house gases. Environmental problems such as the global warming and the waste processing have been quite serious over a couple of decades. With growing awareness of environmental issues from global warming to local waste disposal, organizations and government face increasing pressure to reduce the environmental impacts involved in the production and consumption of goods and services. Impact of ecological imperatives on product planning and their internalization and integration can be conceptualized in the broader framework ofstrategic environmental marketing. Public concern on environment has promoted the market value of a clean image and the importance of the public’s perception of the environmental friendliness (Pun 2006). With the rise in environmental concerns among the stakeholders of businesses, firms are responding with strategic environmental marketing activities designed to meet the growing demand for environmentally friendly processes, products and packaging (Pujari and Wright 1996. Manufacturing industries are confronted with a new major challenge on sustainable development due to energy and natural resources being depleted. With the question of sustainable development posed as a key concern in developed societies and for all major organizations, the automotive industry is facing a new economic, technological and political environment. Automobile manufacturers have clearly committed themselves to supply the market with ever safer and more environmentally friendly products and are continuously investing enormously in Research & Development aimed at further product improvements. Today, hybrid and electric vehicles are hit in the market because of the combination of engineering and environmental performance. An electric vehicle associates an electric motor and an internal combustion engine. They are used alternatively orcan complement one another, so as to continually optimize the trade-off between environmental protection and drivability. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is used to analyze functions required for a product or the product structure to realize these functions, is a design tool applicable to the early stage of product development (Akao and Mazur 2003). The grow ing interest in ‘sustainable development’ has led many companies to examine the ways in which they deal with environmental issues (Bevilacqua et al.2007). To achieve sustainable improvement, environmentally conscious design (eco-design) or Design for Environment (DfE) is becoming an increasingly important topic (Byggeth and Hochschorner 2006). In this context, Environmentally Conscious Quality Function Deployment (ECQFD) has been applied to an electric vehicle in thisresearch study. ECQFD consists of four phases. ECQFD phases I and II are concerned with the identification of components that are focused on product design considering both environmental and traditional requirements. With this process, design engineers will improve the design of their product from an environmental perspective. ECQFDphases III and IV enable design engineers to examine the possibility of design improvements for components and to determine the improvement rate and effect of design Changes.MethodologyThe methodology followed during this study is shown in Fig. 1. As shown in Fig. 1, the study started with the literature review on QFD, and its application on environmentally friendlier aspects. This is followed by the adoption of ECQFD model and its application to electric vehicle for enabling environmentally conscious product design. Phase I is concerned with the application of ECQFD for the electric vehicles. Phase II is concerned with the deployment of Engineering Metrics (EM) items to product components. In phase III, the effect of a set of design changes on EM items has been estimated. The goal of phase IV was to translate the effect of design changes on EM into environmental quality requirements. This is followed by the derivation of practical inferences.Case studyThe application of ECQFD for enabling environmentally conscious design has been illustrated in this section.About the case companyThe case study has been conducted in an Electric Vehicle Manufacturing (EVM) organization located in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. EVM has been established to manufacture environment-friendly and cost-effective electric vehicles.(VOC) and environmental EMThis section describes the kind of requirements and attributes that must be considered from the environmental point of view through a whole product life cycle, and integrates those environmental items into a set of feasible environmental VOC and EM, and their correlation factors. The voice of recyclers and government regulations are treated as VOC and were expressed by means of engineering terms as EM. Environmental VOCEnvironmental VOC are selected to cover most of the environmental problems so that designers have only to consider them to incorporate environmental aspects intoproduct development.It represents the Easy to drive, Fully automatic drive (no clutch and no gear); Tubeless tyres; Range of 80 km per charge; Least running cost; Steel space frame with side impact beams; Easy to charge at home or office; Easy to park; Large doors easy entry/exit; High seats for superior visibility; Rear foldable seats—more luggage room; Rear de-fogger; Maintenance free AC motor; Automatic hill holding; Hill resistant feature; Less power consumption; Speed up to 80 km/h; Better slope negotiation; Disc brakes, with increased regenerative braking; Improved torque; Increased interior space; Scratch proof, colour impregnated panels; Climate controlled seats; Quick acceleration (pick-up) and Maintenance free power units.Environmental EMEnvironmental EM includes High torque AC induction motor; AC motor controller; 350 A microprocessor with regenerative braking; High frequency switch mode type battery charger; Microprocessor based battery management system; Power pack (lead acid batteries); Number of types of material; Number of parts; Zero emission; Power train performance; Energy efficiency; Rate of recycled materials; Less wear and tear of tyres; Physical life time and V olume.Identifying the target for design improvements ECQFD phase IPhase I describes the application of ECQFD to the design of electric vehicle. Table 1 shows the deployment of VOC to EM. Generally VOC items are weighed based on a market survey to reveal the ‘‘customer weights’’. A rating of ‘‘9’’ indicates that it is very important, ‘‘3’’ indicates it is important and ‘‘1’’ indicates it is relatively important. The degree of importance of environmental VOC is dependent on the concept of product life cycle.The mapping points between VOC and EM items are indicated by means of numbers indicating both factors call ed ‘‘relational strength’’ determined by the designer. Similar to the weighing of VOC item, ‘‘9’’ indicates strong relationship, ‘‘3’’ indicates medium relationship and ‘‘1’’ indicates certain strength. Here, at the mapping points between the environmental VOC items and environmental EM items, the values of relational strength are provided for the designer to enable decision making. For example,EM values such as ‘‘350 A microprocessor with regenerative braking’’, ‘‘Power train performance’’ and‘‘AC motor controller’’ with raw scores of ‘‘0.12’’,‘‘0.10’’ and ‘‘0.08’’, respectively, are relatively important to satisfy the customer requirements: ‘‘Easy to drive’’,‘‘Fully automatic drive (no clutch and no gear)’’, ‘‘Easy to charge at home or office’’ and ‘‘M aintenance free AC motor’’.ECQFD phase IIPhase II is concerned with the deployment of EM items to product components. The relative importance of each product component is obtained in a similar manner as phase I. As shown in Table 2, it is found that ‘‘En ergy Management System’’, ‘‘AC Motor’’ and ‘‘AC Motor Controller’’ are the important components. To improve existing systems from environment perspective, the results obtained are concerned with the QFD results without the environmental VOC and environmental EM items.The results of phase II reveal that the important components are Energy Management System; AC Motor; AC Motor Controller; and Energy Absorbing Bumper. Evaluation method of design improvement When design engineers improve their product from the view point of the environment, evaluating the effects of design changes on environmental aspects is an effective process after identifying the important components. ECQFD phase IIIIn phase III, the effect of a set of design changes on EM items is estimated. In general, design engineers can make several alternative plans. There are two options for design engineers to decide their focus. One method originates from target VOC. Another method is examining the most important components identified in phase II. Here, priority has been assigned to the environmental aspects and the design improvement plan has been set mainly from the viewpoint of the environment.Option I• Number of parts used in a AC Motor should be as minimum as possible.• Physical lifetime of the AC motor must be as long as possible.• The rate of recycled materials used in the energy absorbing bumpers should be as much as possible.• Number of types of materials used in the tubeless tyres should be as less as possible.• Microprocessor based energy management system should be implemented in energy management system.Option II• Energy management system should include 350 A microprocessor based regenerative braking.• The energy efficiency of energy management system should be as much as possible. • The AC motor should dissipate high rate of energy efficiency.• The AC motor should have high torque AC induction motor.• Energy absorbing bumpers should have 350 A microprocessor based regenerative braking.Results and discussionsECQFD enables the design engineers to select the most effective environmentally conscious design option. In order to practically validate the effectiveness of applyingECQFD, a questionnaire-based validation was conducted with the executives of EMV. The respondents were executives of the design, production and quality control departments of EMV. These executives possess excellent knowledge about the company’s manufacturing practices. As a result of the ECQFD process, changes were made to effect environmental consciousness at the early stages of electrical vehicle. Efforts have been taken to integrate energy management and energy absorbing bumpers with 350 A microprocessor based regenerative braking.ConclusionsEnvironmental requirements must be considered equal to the traditional requirements of cost and quality. The introduction of environmental requirements into the product development process at all stages of a product’s life enables the EMV to develop environmentally conscious electric vehicle. ECQFD has been developed by incorporating environmental aspects (VOC and EM) into QFD to handle environmental and traditional product quality requirements together to be used in the early stage of product design for enabling sustainability. ECQFD enables the organization to design environmentally conscious product. Design engineer can identify the components that should be given more importance in electric vehicle in order to make it more黄石理工学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译environmental friendly with the help of ECQFD phases I and II.ECQFD phases III and IV were used to analyze which design changes among the identified design options of electric vehicle are most effective with regard to environmental improvement. The design options generated by ECQFD enable the organization to bring environmentally conscious product. ECQFD has been applied for electric vehicle in this study. In future, the methodology could be extended to several products for ensuring sustainability. Also, refinement could be done in the framework of ECQFD for enhancing the effectiveness.11。