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初中英语名词、动词、形容词各形式及变化规则

一、英语动词动词有五种基本形式,即动词原形、第三人称单数(现在式)、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。

1. 第三人称单数的构成方法与名词的单数变复数规则大致一样,即:(1) 一般情况下由动词后加-s构成:work / works,read / reads等。

(2) 以s, x, z, sh, ch 以及字母o结构的动词,后加-es:guess / guesses, mix / mixes, go / goes, buzz / buzzes, finish / finishes, catch / catches等。

(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,应将y改为i 再加-es:fly / flies, study / studies等。

【注】①有个别的变化不规则,如have / has, be / is等。

②词尾-s和-es 读音规则是:在s, x, z, sh, ch 后的es读作[iz],其余的读作[z]。

2. 过去式和过去分词的构成方法分规则变化和不规则变化两种。

不规则变化需逐个记忆,规则变化遵循以下原则:(1) 一般情况下,在动词后加ed构成:work / worked, stay / stayed, shout / shouted等。

(2) 在以-e结尾动词后只加d:close / closed, like / liked, live / lived, smile / smiled 等。

(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,应将y改为i 再加-ed:study / studied, carry / carried等。

(4) 以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed:stop / stopped, admit / admitted, refer / referred, prefer / preferred等。

【注】(1) 以字母l结尾的动词,若末尾一个音节为重读音节,则必须双写l再加-ed,如control / controlled,但若末尾一个音节为非重读音节,则可双写l(英国英语)或不双写l(美国英语),如travel / travel(l)ed。

(2) 动词picnic(野餐)的过去式和过去分词是picnicked,不是picniced。

(3) 词尾-ed 读音规则是:在清辅音后读作[t],元音和浊辅音后读作[d],在辅音[t]或[d]后读作[id]。

3. 现在分词的构成方法(1) 一般情况下,在动词后加-ing构成:work / working, sleep / sleeping, wait / waiting等。

(2) 在不发音的-e结尾动词去掉e后再加-ing:smile / smiling, move / moving 等。

(3)以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ing:sit / sitting, plan / planning, refer / referring, occur / occurring等。

(4) 以字母ie结尾的动词,通常将ie改为y,再加ing:die / dying, lie / lying, tie / tying 等。

【注】(1) 以字母l结尾动词,若末尾一个音节为重读音节,则必须双写l再加ing,如control / controlling,但若末尾一个音节为非重读音节,则可双写l(英国英语)或不双写l(美国英语),如travel / travel(l)ing。

(2) 名词变复数、形容词和副词变比较级和最高级、动词变过去式和过去分词等都有“改y规则”,但动词的现在分词没有“改y规则”。

(3)动词picnic(野餐)的现在分词为picnicking,不是picnicing。

二、名词变复数的规则:1、一般名词复数是在名词后面加上“s”, 如map→zhimaps, bag→bags等;2、以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词加“es”, 如bus→buses, watch→watches等;3、以辅音字母+y结尾的词,变y为i加es,如baby→babies等;以元音字母+ y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数,如monkey→monkeys, holiday→holidays, storey→storeys(楼层);4、以o 结尾的名词变复数时:(1)加s的名词有:photo→photos , piano→pianos , radio→radios , zoo→zoos(2)加es的名词有:potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes5、以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:(1)加s的名词有:belief→beliefs roof→roofs safe→safes gulf→gulfs(2)去掉f, fe 加ves的名词有:half→halves knife→knives leaf→leaves wolf→wolveswife→wives life→lives thief→thieves三、形容词比较级和最高级的变化规则1)单音节词末尾加-er(比较级),-est(最高级)如:原级比较级最高级 great greater greatest small smaller smallest clean cleaner cleanest2)单音节如以e结尾,只加-r(比较级),-st(最高级)如:fine finer finest nice nicer nicest wide wider widest3)闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母,须先双写这个辅音字母,再加-er(比较级),-est (最高级)如:big bigger biggest hot hotter hottest red redder reddest4)少数以-y,-er,ow,-ble结尾的双音节词,末尾加-er(比较级),-est(最高级)。

以-y结尾的词,如-y前是辅音字母,则变y为-i,再加-er和-est。

以-e结尾的词只加-r和-st。

如:clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest able abler ablest easy easier easiest5)其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和most。

如:careful-more careful-most careful;difficult-more difficult-most difficult;delicious-more delicious-most deliciousInteresting--more interesting --most interesting6)不规则变化:原级-比较级-最高级:good/well-better-best ;bad-worse-worst ;many/much- more-most;little- less- least; far- farther/further- farthest/furthest7)下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种形式cruel----- crueler, cruelest /more cruel , most cruel;strict---- stricter , strictest /more strict , most strictoften----- oftener , oftenest /more often , most oftenfriendly------ friendlier , friendliest /more friendly , most friendlyclever----- cleverer, cleverest / more clever , most clever8)下列形容词和副词没有比较级和最高(即表示”最高程度”或”绝对状态”的形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级)empty , wrong , perfect , unique , extreme , excellent , favourite , true ,right , correct , extremely ...9)形容词的比较级和最高级用法:形容词比较等级用法:1.没有比较对象时,用原级。

I have a new computer.2.两者比较,程度相同。

A+系动词+as+adj.+as+B.Our school is as beautiful as theirs.3.两者比较,程度不同。

A+系动词+not as+adj.+as+B.The weather here is not as hot as that in the south.4.A比B更…The earth is bigger than the moon.5.比较级前可以用much,even,still,far,a lot,a little,abit,any等修饰。

Your room is much bigger than mine.I’m alittle shorter than her.6.用比较级可以表示最高级含义:John is stronger than any other boy in his class.=John is stronger than any of the other boys.两者不属于同一范畴,不能用other.Chongqing is bigger than any city in Sichuang.7.“比较级+and+比级”表示“越来越…”China is becoming more and more beautiful.Days are getting longer and longer.8.用the+比较级,the+比较级表示”越…就越…”.The busier he is, the happier he feels.9. Which/Who+is+比较级A或B?A和B哪一个/谁四、名词变形容词:1.名词后加-y, 如:luck→dulucky, cloud→cloudy; wind→windy; rain→rainy;sun→sunny, snow→snowy noise-noisy health→healthy2.在名词后加-ly,如:friend→friendly love→lovely day→daily3.方位名词加-ern,如:east→eastern west→western south→southern north→northern形容词后缀(1)带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义1)-able, -ible, movable, comfortable, applicable, visible, responsible2)-al, natural, additional, educational3)-an, ane, urban, suburban, republican4)-ant, -ent, distant, important, excellent5)-ar, similar, popular, regular6)-ary, military, voluntary7)-ice, -atie, ical, politic, systematic, historic, physical,8)-ine, masculine, feminine, marine9)-ing, moving, touching, daring10)-ish, foolish, bookish, selfish11)-ive, active, impressive, decisive12)-ory, satisfactory, compulsory13)-il, -ile, -eel, fragile, genteel(文雅的)(2) 表示“相象,类似”的含义1)-ish, boyish, childish2)-esque, picturesque3)-like, manlike, childlike4)-ly, manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly5)-some, troublesome, handsome6)-y, milky, pasty(3) 表示“充分的”含义1)-ful, beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful2)-ous, dangerous, generous, courageous, various3)-ent, violent,(4) 表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义1)-en, wooden, golden, woolen 2)-ous, gaseous 3)-fic, scientific (5) 表示方向的含义1)-ern, eastern, western 2)-ward, downward, forward(6) 表示“倍数”的含义1)-ble, double, treble2)-ple, triple3)-fold, twofold, tenfold(7) 表示“数量关系”的含义1)-teen, thirteen 2)-ty, fifty 3)-th, fourth, fiftieth(8) 表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义1)-an, Roman, European 2)-ese, Chinese, 3)-ish, English, Spanish (9) 表示“比较程度”的含义1)-er, greater2)-ish, reddish, yellowish3)-est, highest4)-most, foremost, topmost(10)其他的含义-less, 表示否定,countless, stainless, wireless。

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