美国文学史复习5（the 20th century）一、Background:① World War I 第一次世界大战，America have great profit.② Jump in technology (automobile / radio) 科技方面的跳跃（汽车/收音机）③ old moral code breaks 旧道德体系破碎1、Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo信条,教义, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.2、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of缺乏 faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.3、Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.4、现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land”, the most significant American p oem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.5、典型的迷惘一代：F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的盖茨比》 novelErnest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”《太阳照样升起》“A Farwell to Arms”《告别了，武器》William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 《喧嚣与骚动》6、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家：Eugene O’Neill “The Emperor Jones”《琼斯国王》、“Anna Christie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“The Hairy Ape”《毛猿》7、The Jazz Age(享乐时代)：when New Orleans musicians moved “up the river”在狱中 to Chicago,a nd the theatre of New York’s Harlem黑人住宅区 pulsed脉动,跳动 with the music that had become a symbol of the times. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of “the beautiful and damned”, drowning in their pleasures.二、代表作家：1、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德诗人①Imagism 意象派的代表人物。

Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。

②major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos”2、Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特自然主义诗人 poet①诗歌特点和内容：(1)rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new.” He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.(2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.(3)His concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.②he become a national bard(吟游诗人)美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖.③“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑3、Wallace Stevens 华莱士.斯蒂文斯诗人①His work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order,” that is ,true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 作品动机起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。

②代表作：“The Man with the Blue Guitar”《带蓝吉他的人》；“Necessary Angel”《必要的天使》，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry诗歌的评论.“Anecdote of the Jar”《坛子的轶事》jar –man made –art, wildness –nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 艺术到自然的秩序， integrated 统一体③特点：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。

(2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。

(3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds – between subject and object, perceiver and perceived, fiction and fact, “imagination and reality”(想象与现实)★4、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特现代主义代言人①多重身份：poet诗人, critic评论家, playwright剧作家②代表作：“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.“Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔《传统和个人天才》, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点. provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.成为现代评论极为有效的评判标准。