（一）动词的时态时态动词是谓语动所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。
英语动词有16种时态，但是常用的只有9种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。
下面分别介绍。
1、一般现在时的用法（do/does）1）表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征和真理。
句中常用often, usually, every day, sometimes, every week/year, twice aweek 等时间状语。
例如：a. He goes to school every day.b. He is very happy.c.The earth moves around the sun.2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
例如：a. If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting.b. When I graduate, I’ll go to countryside.3) 有时这个时态表示按计划、规定, 按时间表要发生的动作（句中都带有时间状语），但限于少数动词，如：begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open, close等。
例如：a.the meeting begins at seven.b.the rain starts at nine in the morning.4) 表示状态和感觉的动词(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般现在进行时。
a.i like english very much.b.the story sound very interesting.5) 书报的标题、小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。
2.一般过去时的用法(did)1）表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过反复发生的动作。
常与yesterday,the other day, ….ago, in the past, in +过去时间（1998）。
a.he saw mr. wang yesterday.b.he worked in a factory in 1986.2)表示过去经常发生的动作也可用“used to “ 和“would + 动词原形”。
I used to smoke.During the vacation i would swim in the sea.注：”used to “ 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。
“would + 动词原形”没有“现在不再……”含义。
3.一般将来时的用法（shall/will do）一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。
其表达形式除了“ wi ll 或shall + 动词原形”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。
It is going to rain.We are going to have a meeting today.2）“be to + 动词原形”表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。
The boy is to go to school tomorrow.Are we to go on with this work?3) “be about to + 动词原形” 表示即将发生的动作，意为be ready to do sth. 后面一般不跟时间状语。
we are about to leave.4) go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。
i’m leaving for beijing.5) 某些动词(如come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay 等)的一般现在时也可表示将来。
T he meeting starts at five o’clock.He gets off at the next stop.4. 过去将来时的用法(would do)过去将来时表示从过去的某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
They were sure that they would succeed.5.现在进行时的用法（am/is/ are doing）1）现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，What are you doing?2）表示某种感情色彩“总是”eg. You are always watching TV.6.过去进行时的用法(was/were doing)1）过去进行时过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，In 1980 he was studying in a university.He was reading a novel when I came in.He was watvign Tv at this time yesterday.7. 将来进行时（will be doing）表将来某一时刻，某一段时间正在进行的动作。
Eg. I will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.8. 现在完成时(have/has done)：1）现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，但对现在有影响。
句中没有具体时间状语。
He has gone to fuzhou.He has been to fuzhou.2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去常用for 和since表示一段时间的状语或so far , now, today, this week (month, year ,), in the past 3 years等表示包括现在内的状语。
He has studied english for 5 years.He has studied english since 1985.Now I have finished the work..注意：表示短暂时间动作的词（如come, go , die, marry, buy 等）的完成时不能与for, since 等连用。
3）现在完成进行时还可用时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。
I’ll go o your home when I have finished my homework.If it has sto pped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.9．过去完成时的用法（had done）1）过去完成时由“had + 过去分词”构成。
过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。
句中常用by, before, until, when 等词引导的时间状语。
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.I had learnt 5000 words before i entered the university.2)过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.10．将来完成时（will have done）11.现在完成进行时( have (has)+ been +（doing）)，表示现在以前一直进行的动作。
有些动词（work, study, live, teach 等）用现在完成时与用现在完成时意思差不多。
I have worked here for three years.I have been working here for three years.但多数动词在这两种时态表示不同意思I have been writing a letter.（二）动词语态1．当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态。
句子的主语是动作承受者时，谓语的形式叫被动作语态。
被动语态由助动词be + 过去分词构成，时态通过be 表现出来。
1）一般现在时：am/is/are done2）一般过去时：were/was done3）一般将来时：will/shall be done4）现在进行时：am/is/are being done5）过去进行时：was/were being done6）现在完成时：has/have been done7）过去完成时：had been done8）过去将来时：would be done9. 将来完成时：will have been done2. 一些特殊的被动结构1）带情态动词的被动结构(情态动词be done)：the problem must be solved soon.2）带不定式的被动结构：the room is going to be painted.the homework needs to be done with care.特殊句式：1.it/this is the first/second time that ….2. it is (high/about) time that ……3it is/has been 段时间since 过去式/should do4it is/will be 段时间before 一般现在时5.it was 段时间before 一般过去式6.sb was/were aboout to do when 一般过去式sb was/ wer doing sth…………..Translation: 1. A lot of books are kept in our school library.2. A thief was caught last night.3. The watch is being repaired.4.The door was being painted at that time.5.The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.6.They said the work would be finished the next day.7.My bag has been stolen.8.She said this airport had never been used.9.The question needn’t be discussed.10.A new hotel is going to be built near the station. 11.His bike has been stolen.12. The plan has already been made.13. Have you moved into the new house? —Not yet. The rooms are being painted.14.The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. .15. Mary was making a dress when she cut her finger.16.The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.17.Whe and where to build the new factory hasn’t been decided yet.18.When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.19.In come parts of the world, tea is served with milk and sugar.20.That dinner was the most expensive meal we had had.Consolildation:1) —Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time?—Yes, since she ______ the Chinese Society.A. has joinedB. joinsC. had joinedD. joined2) I like these English songs and they ________many times on the radio.A. taughtB. have taughtC. are taughtD. have been taught3) I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother _____ on the phone all the time!A. was talkingB. has been talkingC. has talkedD. talked4) —I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.—I think so. He ______ for it for months.A. is preparingB. was preparingC. had been preparingD. has been preparing5) By the time he realizes he ______ into a trap, it’ll be too late for him to do anything about it.A. walksB. walkedC. has walkedD. had walked6) We first met on a train in 2000. We both felt immediately that we ______ each other for years.A. knewB. had knownC. have knownD. know7) —Have you got any job offers?—No. I ______.A. waitedB. had been waitingC. have waitedD. am waiting8) If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it ____ all day.A. rainedB. rainsC. has rainedD. is raining9) –Did you go to the show last night?–Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area _________ invitedA. wereB. have beenC. has beenD. was10) The telephone _______, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped.A. had rungB. was ringingC. ringsD. has rung11) —Have you read the book called Waiting for Anya?—Who _______ it?A. writesB. has writtenC. wroteD. had written12) The hotel wasn’t particularly good. But I ____ in many worse hotels.A .was staying B. stayed C. would stay D. had stayed13) No decision about any future appointment until all the candidates(候选人) have been interviewed.A. will be madeB. is madeC. is being madeD. has been made14) He _____ football regularly for many years when he was young.A. was playingB. playedC. has playedD. had played15) Teenagers __ their health because they play computer games too much.A. have damagedB. are damagingC. damagedD. will damage16) ----Do you know if T erry will go camping this weekend?----Terry? Never! She ___ tents and fresh air!A. has hatedB. hatedC. will hateD. hates17) Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science _________ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill. (广东卷)A. showedB. has shownC. will showD. is showing18) The country life he was used to _________ greatly since 1992. (山东卷)A. changeB. has changedC. changingD. have changed19) “Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.”“Oh ! I thought they _________without me.” (江西卷)A. wentB. are goingC. have goneD. had gone20) Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _________ the Pacific, and we met no storms. (辽宁卷)A. was calledB. is calledC. had been calledD. has been called21) “What would you do if it _________tomorrow?”“We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.” (全国卷I)A. rainB. rainsC. will rainD. is raining22) As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when _________and see him. (北京卷)A. you will comeB. will you comeC. you comeD. do you come23) Scientists think that the continents _________always where they _________ today. (北京卷)A. aren’t; areB. aren’t; wereC. weren’t; areD. weren’t; were24) Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People _________ to ask how I am going to spend the money.A. phoneB. will phoneC. were phoningD. are phoning25)---- “Did you tell Julia about the result?”----“Oh, no, I forgot. I _________her now.”A. will be callingB. will callC. callD. was to call。