modern capitalism first appeared-the use of money and commercial
paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools.
正是在 第一次出现 货 币 与 商 城市里， 了能够与现 业文件的 因素 代资本主义 使用 联系起来的 --
公开竞 代替实 物交换， 争
正是在城市里，第一次出现了能够与现代资本主义联系起来的因素--代替实物交换的货币
与商业文件的使用，以及随着社会混乱的增加，代替社会顺从和阶层的公开竞争，还有使
用煤或水力代替用手工工具劳动的独立手艺人的工厂的出现。
托福阅读—长难句翻译
考察能力
对于英语长难句的理解 对于英语长难句中各个成分间逻辑关系的把握
学习目标
拿下托福考试，顺利进军国外
解题策略
逐个翻译 组合整句
划分结构
标点 , ; 连词 that, and ,or
短语 介词，非谓语动词
典例分析1
It was in the cities that the elements that can bend the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of
independent craftspeople working with hand tools.
that can be associated It was in with modern the cities capitalism that the first elements appeared-
划分结构
① It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern
capitalism first appeared② the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, ③ open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, ④ with an attendant rise in social disorder,
void of outer space.
in place of social with an the use of deference attendant money and and the and rise in social appearance commercial in place open of barter, competition hierarchy disorder, paper of factories
解题策略
逐个翻译 组合整句
划分结构
注意各个结构间的 关系，该调换顺序 就换，该加一些连 接词就加
标点 , ; 连词 that, and ,or
短语 介词，非谓语动词
HOMEWORK
Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface, the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and remote as the
using coal or in place of water independent power craftspeople
working with hand tools.
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
代替社 会顺从 和阶层
↓
随着社 会混乱 的增加
↓
工厂的 出现
↓
使用煤 或水力
↓
代替独 立手艺 人
↓
用手工 工具劳 动