OB复习题一、名词解释1、Learning: Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.2、Attitude: Evaluate statements or judgements concerning objects,people,or events.3、Informal Group: A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; appears in response to the need for social contact.4、Communication:The transference and understanding of meaning.5、Leadership:The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals.6、Organization :A consciously coordinated social unit,composed of two or more people,that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals.7、Motivation:The process that account for an individual's intensity,direction,and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.8、Personality:The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with thers.9、Negotiation:A process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree on the exchange rate for them.二、掌握的知识点1、Attitude:①implication above;②It can be seen by looking at the three components: cognition, affect, and behavior.③Most research in OB has been concerned with three types of attitudes: job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment.④Attitude and Consistency: Research has generally concluded that people seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior.⑤Cognitive Dissonance Theory: No individual, of course, can completely avoid dissonance. If the elements creating the dissonance are relatively unimportant, the pressure to correct this imbalance will be low. The degree of influence that individuals believe that they have over the elements will have an impact on how they will react to the dissonance. High rewards accompanying high dissonance tend to reduce the tension inherent in the dissonance.⑥Measuring the A-B(attitude-behavior) relationship:A. Moderating Variables: The more specific the attitude and the more specific the behavior, the stronger the link between the two.B. Self-perception theory: Attitudes are used after the fact to make sense out of an action that has already occurred.⑦An application—Attitude Surveys: Elicit responses from employees through questionnaires about how they feel about their jobs, work groups, supervisors(监督者), and the organization.⑧Attitude and Workforce Diversity(劳动多样性): It is increasingly concerned with changing employee attitudes to reflect shifting perspectives on racial, gender, and other diversity issues.2、Job involvement: It is a kind of the degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and considers his or her performance important to self-worth.3、The big five model:The Big-Five model includes the following five factors:①Extroversion: A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious(协;（信任的）), and assertive作的．②Agreeableness: A personality dimension describing someone who is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.③Conscientiousness: A personality dimension describing someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.④Emotional stability: A personality dimension characterizing someone as calm, self-confident, secure(positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure(negative).⑤Openness to experience: A personality dimension characterizing someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.4、Maslow's hierarchy of needs: There is a hierarchy of five needs,as each need is substantiallysatisfied, the next need become dominant. These needs are:①Physiological: as hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs.②Safety: as security and protection from physical and emotional harm.③Social: as affection, belongingness, acceptance, friendship.④Esteem: internal esteem: as self-respect, autonomy(自主), achievement; external esteem: as status, recognition, attention.⑤Self-actualization: as growth, achieving one's potential, self-fulfillment.5、Two-Factor Theory: In this theory, intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction.Intrinsic factors,such as advancement, recognition, responsibility, and achievement. Respondents who feel good about their work tend to attribute these factors to themselves.Extrinsic factors, such as supervision, pay, company policies, working conditions, job security, relationship with others, will be cited when respondents dissatisfy. And these can be included in hygiene factors, while they are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied.6、ERG theory: It is a revised version of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, consisting of three groups of core needs: existence, relatedness, growth.Existence: concerned with providing our basic material, including physiological and safety.Relatedness: social and status desires require interaction with others, including social and the external component of esteem.Growth: including the intrinsic component of esteem and self-actualization.7、Group:①Defining: Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come togetherto achieve particular objectives. People join groups because of security, status, self-esteem, affiliation, power, goal achievements.②Classifying: Formal groups: command group, task group ; Informal groups: interest group, friendship group.***Stages of Group Development refer to “掌握的知识点12”③Group structure: Roles(Role Identity, Role Perception, Role Expectations, Role conflict) ; Norms(Common Classes of Norms, Conformity(从众), Deviant(偏离) Workplace Behavior) ; Status ; Size ; Cohesiveness(零距离).***Group Decision Making refer to “简答9”8、Trait Theories: They consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leadersfrom nonleaders according to the following seven traits: ambition and energy, the desire to lead, honesty and integrity, self-confident, intelligence, high self-monitoring, job-relevant knowledge.9、Double-loop learning: Learning organizations use double-loop learning.Errors are corrected by modifying the organization's objectives, policies, and standard routines.In this way, it provides opportunities for radically different solutions to problems and dramatic jumps in improvement.10、Selective perception: People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests,background, experience, and attitudes,which is called selective perception.11、Methods of shaping behavior: Shaping behavior Systematically reinforces each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response.There are four ways to shape behavior:①through positive reinforcement,②through negative reinforcement,③punishment,④extinction(消亡).12、Five-stage group-development model:①Forming stage: the first stage in group development, characterized by much uncertainty.②Storming stage: the second stage in group development, characterized by intragroupconflict.③Norming stage: the third stage in group development, characterized by close relationshipsand cohesiveness.④Performing stage: the fourth stage in group development, when the group is fullyfunctional.⑤Adjourning stage: the final stage in group development for temporary groups,characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance.三、简答1、List the Henri Fayol's five management functions and today's four management functions.Henri Fayol's five management functions: plan, organize, command, coordinate, control.Today's four management functions: planning, organizing, leading, controlling.2、List the 10 different , highly interrelated management roles.Interpersonal roles include: figurehead(虚君), leader, liaison（联络者）Informational roles include: monitor（监听者）, disseminator（消息发布者）, spokesperson （发言人）Decisional roles include: entrepreneur, disturbance handler（控制者）, resource allocator, negotiator3、Explain the three essential management skills that Robert Katz has identified.①Technical Skills: They encompass the ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise.②Human Skills: They refer to the ability to work with, understand, and motivate otherpeople, both individually and in groups.③Conceptual Skills: They refer to the mental ability to analyse and diagnose complexsituations.4、List three theories of learning.①Classical Conditioning: It grew out of experiments by Russia physiologist Ivan Pavlov. It isa type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.②Operant Conditioning: It is a type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leadsto a reward or prevents a punishments.Social Learning: That is people can learn through observation an direct experience.③5、Explain classical conditioning.Classical Conditioning grew out of experiments by Russia physiologist Ivan Pavlov. It is atype of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.6、Briefly describe personality-job fit theory and its six typology of personality.Personality-job fit theory identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.①Realistic: He or she prefers physical activities that require skill, strength, and coordination.②Investigative: He or she prefers activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding.③Social: He or she prefers activities that involve helping and developing others.④Conventional: He or she prefers rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities.⑤Enterprising: He or she prefers verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain power.⑥Artistic: He or she prefers ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative expression.8、List the barriers to effective communication.①Filtering(消息走样): It refers to a sender's manipulation(操作) of information that so that itwill be seen more favorably by the receiver.②Selective Perception: The receivers in the communication process selectively see and hear based on their needs, motivations, experiences, background, and other personal characteristics.③Information Overload: It is a condition in which information inflow exceeds an individual's processing capacity.④Defensiveness: When people feel threatened, they tend to react in ways that reduce theirability to achieve mutual understanding.⑤Language: Age, education, cultural background are three of the more obvious variables that influence the language a person uses an the definitions he or she gives to words.⑥Communication Apprehension: It is another barrier that makes people suffer from undue tension and anxiety about oral communication, written communication, or both.9、Describe strengths and weaknesses of group decision making.Strengths: ①Groups generate more complete information and knowledge.②Groups offer increased diversity of views.③Groups generate higher-quality decisions.④Groups lead to increased acceptance of solutions.Weaknesses: ①Groups decision making are time consuming.②They're conformity(从众) pressures in groups.③They can be dominated by one or a few members.④They suffer from ambiguous responsibility.10、Describe the reasons why individuals and organizations may resist change.Individuals' resistance sources:①Habit;②Security;③Economic factors;④Fear of the unknown;⑤Selective information processing.Organizations' resistance sources:①Structural inertia(惯性);②Limited focus of change;③Group inertia;④Threat to expertise;⑤Threat to established power relationships;⑥Threat to established).资源配置resource allocations(11、What is stress? How does an individual manage stresses?(1)Stress is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint, or demand related to what he or she desires and for which the outcome is perceived tobe both uncertain and important.(2)Individual strategies that have proven effective include implementing four approaches:①time-management techniques,②increasing physical exercise,③relaxation training, such as meditation, hypnosis, biofeedback.④expending the social support network.12、Describe the Big-Five model.The Big-Five model includes the following five factors:①Extroversion: A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious(协作的), and assertive（信任的）;②Agreeableness: A personality dimension describing someone who is good-natured,cooperative, and trusting.③Conscientiousness: A personality dimension describing someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.④Emotional stability: A personality dimension characterizing someone as calm,self-confident, secure(positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure(negative).⑤Openness to experience: A personality dimension characterizing someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.四、案例1、The new schoolmaster said:”teachers' hard work and creation should not be forgotten. As teachers neither can be paid according to their amount of work nor can they carry out their jobs by individual contract like the peasant do, we have to file their merits and achievements to overcomethe abuse of qualified jobs and unqualified jobs are paid same. The file has authority and may actas the objective bases for teachers' promotion, reward and so on. It is the treasure of our schooland only merits and achievements are filed.”After the establishing of the file, every teacher startsto work hard.Try to use the motivation theory of needs to analyze and discuss the reasons why the above management methods can be effective.Request:1, the establishment of the file proves that the new schoolmaster takes teachers achievements seriously and evaluates them by their job effectiveness.2，the establishment of the file makes teachers pay more attention to the job itself and increasetheir responsibility.Key theories are:3, Maslow's theory emphasizes on the higher-order needs, especially the need of self-actualization. It also takes note of ways offering self-actualization.4, Two-factor theory pays more attention to use motivation factors, such as the work itself, achievement and so on, to stimulate teachers' enthusiasm.5, McClelland's theory of needs takes people's achievement very seriously. He believed that some people had strong motives to achieve success and what they pursued was self-achievement while not the reward of success.2、One schoolmaster uses three ways to manage his teachers. For young teachers, especially those newly-coming teachers, he arranges their jobs monthly and tells them what to do. For middle-aged teachers, he cares about their lives and often listens to their advices on teaching. For old-aged teachers, he only cares about their health and does not interfere with their daily teaching.Do you agree on the methods used by the schoolmaster? Why? Try to analyze it using theories you have learned.Answer:1), The method that the schoolmaster uses is correct.2), It is leadership theory. For young teachers, they are still immature in teaching, so the schoolmaster uses directive leader behavior to arrange jobs and teaches them what to do. For middle-aged teachers, as they are relatively more mature than young teachers, what the schoolmaster uses is participative leader behavior. That is , he often listens to their advices. For old-aged teachers, as they are already very mature in teaching, what the schoolmaster uses is authorization.3、Wang Jun is director of human resource department in a company. Recently he feels sad extremely for the resignation（辞职书）of key men in his company, because they think their income less than their contributions. The facts are quite true. However, The company believes if going out they can do nothing since their achievements depend on the support of company. The two men feel angry and sent their resignations.Request:(1)Why did the key men want to sent their resignations according to fair theory?(2)What would you do, if you were in the situation of Wang Jun?Fair Theory: Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate inequities.Four referent comparisons: Self- inside----An employee's experiences in a different positions inside his or her current organization. Self-outside----An employee's experiences in a situation or position outside his or her current organization. Other-inside----Another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization. Other-outside----Another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization.Give payment by time, production.4、Last month the administrative department of a large glasses factory in Shenzhen issued a document for locking toilet in working time. If employees wanted to toilet, they should be allowed to it. To this, the administration supervisor of that factory explained that slack work was very serious, such as smoking, reading newspapers, reading book for a long time in toilet, which influenced production. So, the management layer conference made up the rules, and the boss alsoagreed the performance.(1)Please explain this phenomenon according to “economic person”suppose theories.(2)Please give your opinions, if that company carries out this measure, which react is on employee's psychology and behavior.Economic person, four assumptions：Employees inherently dislike work and whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it. Since they dislike work, they must be coerced(强制), controlled, or threat-ended with punishment to achieve goals. Employees will avoid responsibilities and seek formal directions whenever possible. Most workers place security above all other factors associated with work and will display little ambition.。