1．修辞手法1.Simile 明喻Eg. O my love's like a red,red rose.That man can not be trusted.He is as slippery as an eel 黄鳝She likes an apple in her eyes.2.Metaphor暗喻Eg. The picture of those poor people's lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.There was a medieval magnificence about the big dining hall.The street faded into a country road with straggling houses by it.There was a few lordly poplars before the house.All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feeling at the moment.Independent would not be a trial seperation,but would be a painful divorce.3.Personification 拟人Eg . Youth is hot and bold,age is weak and cold.The match will soon be over and defeat is staring us in the face.The storm was raging and an angry sea was continuously tossing抛their boat.4.Metonymy 借喻转喻不直接说明而是以另外一个与之相关的事物来说明Sword and cross in hand,the European conquerors fell upon the Americas.When the war was over,he lay down the sword and took up the pen.弃武从文His purse钱包would not allow him that luxuryThe kettle boils 水开了The room sat slient. 全屋人安静的坐着。
Lend me your ears , please. 请听我说。
His unfriendly tough surprised her.5.Synecdoche.提喻A.部分代整体或者说特殊代一般Eg . He is the Newton of this century.The had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs.打零工面包来代指生活收入The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 手代指人There are about 100 hands working in the factory. 同上B.整体代部分或者一般代特殊Eg. The fox(狐狸来代指狐狸的毛皮) goes very well with your cap.帽子Germany beat Argentina 2 to 1 in this exciting football match.用德国和阿根廷来代指两个国家的球队The poor creature could not endure her sufferings.用生物代指人6.Euphemism 委婉，诲饰Eg. He is out visiting the neccessary. 他出去方便了。
His relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他和他妻子离婚了。
Deng xiaoping passed away in 1977.注意看课本page19页的词的委婉用法。
7.Irony 反语Eg. It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.早上没有时间观念还真是好事。
实际上是运用反语说应该有时间观念。
8.Overstatement 或hyperbole 夸张and Understatement缩小，低调陈述A.Overstatement的用法Eg. I beg a thousand pardons. 我非常抱歉。
When she heard the bad news,a river of tears poured out.当他听到噩耗，眼泪如江水一般汹涌流出。
She is dying十分to know what job has been assigned her.On hearing that he had been admitted to that famous university,he whispered to himself,"I'm the luckiest man in the world."B.Understatement 的用法Eg. It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.建室内游泳池只花了一点小钱。
"He is really strange,"his friends said when they heard he had divorced his pretty and loving wife. Strange在此是低调陈述，实际上是说he is very stupid and crazy. 9.Transferred Epithet 移就用本来应该修饰人的形容词来修饰物或者其他的东西，大多是把表达人的思想观念的词语移用于其他物体上面。
英语移就格的特征：转移形容词+ 中心语。
要注意与拟人的用法区分开，从内容上看,“拟人”重在把物人格化,就是把事物当作人来描写;“移就”则是把甲性状词语移属于乙,重在移而就之,它不把事物人格化,也就是不把事物当作人来描写。
Eg. She was so worried about her son that she spent several sleepless nights.她太担心他的儿子以至于她整晚难眠。
Sleepless本身是指人睡不着，在此却修饰了nights夜本身无所谓眠不眠，不眠的只是人而已。
In his quiet laziness he suddenly remembered that strange word. Quiet 本是形容人的安静在此形容laziness 指人懒The assistant kept a respectful diatance from his boss when they were walking in the corridor.He said yes to the question in an unthinking moment.The old man put a reassuring劝慰人的hand on my shoulder.老人拍了拍我的肩膀。
She has expensive tastes in clothing.I was surprised to find him living in such drab and cheerless surroundings.10.Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法，反意法，逆喻Eg. The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.严格是对队友好When the news of failure came ,all his friends said that it was a victorious defeat 虽败犹荣The president was conspicuously非常显眼的absent on that occasion.11.Alliteration 押韵，渐降法Eg.Long and loudly little Lily laughed.The windows waved violently in the wind.Drain your sweat--nay,drink your blood?I see also the dull,drilled,docile,brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.12.Synaesthesia 通感The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.由视觉转移到听觉鸟儿落在树上，倾泻出百合花的声音。
Taste the music of Mozart.品味莫扎特的音乐。
13.排比14.Pun 双关Eg. If we don't hang悬挂together,we shall hang绞死separately.15.Parody 仿拟是指模仿名言警句和谚语等。
Eg. Rome is not built in a day nor a year.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.16.Rhetorical qustion 反义疑问句Eg.You are staying,I'm going.Give me liberaty,or give me death.17.Antithesis 对照是指意义完全相反的两个语句排在一起比较。
2．句子The Sentence1.句子结构S+V.S+V+OS+V+O2间接宾语+O1直接宾语S+V+O+OC宾语补足语S+LV连系动词+N名词eg. I'm a student.S+LV+A形容词eg. I'm happy.S+V+O+A eg. We find the work difficult.ma fault 逗号拼接句两个完整的句子是不能用逗号连接的Eg. Faulty: It was raining hard,they could not work in the field.Improved: It was raining so hard that they could not work in the field.Faulty: I was born in a small town, in the town there was only one school,I studied there for six years.Improved: I was born in a small town, where there was only one school.I studied there for six years.I studied for six years at the only school in the small town where I was born.Faulty: The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea.Improved: The essay is poorly organized; there is no central idea.3.句子类型Types of Sentence.A.按照用法分为Declarative 陈述句Interrogative 疑问句Imperative 祈使句and Exclamatory Sentence.感叹句B.按照句子结构可分为以下四种a.Simple 简单句pound 并列句指包含两个或多个用连词或者分号（and,but,or,etc.）连接的独立完整的句子。