生态系统管理
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生态系统服务价值的研究，其目的是为生态系统管理者作为合 理的决策提供科学的依据。管理是具体的实际活动，它由行政领导、 事企业负责人和科学技术工作者（多学科、多部门的）共同来进行 的。
（一)、生态系统管理定义 生态系统管理(ecosystem management)是指具有
明确和可适应的目标，通过政策、协议和实践活动
4. 4. understanding complexity and
interconnectedness,
5. 5. recognition of the dynamic character of
ecosystems,
6. 6. attention to context上下关系 and scale,
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Ecosystem Management must include the following:
1. long-term sustainability as fundamental value,
2. 2. clear, operational goals,
3. 3. sound ecological models and understanding,
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The Steps of the Decision-making Process:
1. Identify the roles of different people 2. Scope the target area 3. Determine the objectives 4. Develop measurable criteria to determine how well the objectives are being met 5. Develop as wide a range of alternatives as possible 6. Determine how well each alternative meets each objective 7. Explain the relation of each alternative to each objective to the decision-makers (and possibly stakeholders) 8. The decision-makers choose an alternative 9 The chosen alternative is turned over to the forest
②要使生态系统同样能对我们的后代提供产品和服务。
换言之，持续力(sustainability)是普遍认为的生态系 统管理的中心目标(见《美国生态学会生态系统管理科学 基础委员会的报告》，Christensen等1996:The report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the scientific Basis for ecosystem management. Ecologicl Application, 6(3):665-691).
socio-economic benefits to meet the needs of societies
7. Legal, institutional, and economic framework for forest
conservation and sustainable management
7. 7. Acknowledgment承认of humans as ecosystem
compone许诺 to adaptability and
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accountability.
The Montreal Process Working Group
Criteria for Sustainable Forestry
1. Conservation of biological diversity
2. Maintenance of the productive capacity of forest
ecosystems
3. Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality
4. Conservation and maintenance of soil and water
resources
5. Maintenance of forest contribution to global carbon
cycles
6. Maintenance and enhancement of long-term multiple
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The Report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management
Ecological Application,1996,6(3):665-691)
Introduction We should manage so as not to deny future generations the opportunities and resources we enjoy today .
而实施的对生态系统的管理。这个“定义”包涵下 列要点：
①生态系统管理必须要有明确的目标，它是由决
策者最后确定的，但同时它又具可适应性，即可以
根据实际情况进行修改；
②生态系统管理是通过制订政策、签定种种协议
和具体的实践活动而实施的。
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（二）、生态系统管理的目标
一般认为：①管理必须使生态系统得以持续；
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manager for implementation, monitoring, and feedback
另一种提法是，生态系统健康(ecosystem health)是生态系统管理 的目标。1990年10月和1991年2月分别在美国马里兰和华盛顿召开了 生态系统健康的专门会议，并确定生态系统健康成为环境管理的目 标。管理是着眼于保持和维护生态系统的结构功能的可持续性，保 证生态系统健康(见《生态系统生态学》P. 305，蔡晓明，2000)。人 体有健康的和病态的，生态系统健康借用于此语。