Contents摘要 (i)Abstract ......................................................................................................................... i i The translation and research of basketball terms .. (2)Chapter 1 Introduction (2)Chapter 2 the characteristics of basketball terms (3)2.1 the the characteristics of language (3)2.1.1 the immediacy, opposability in language style (3)2.1.2 lots of idioms in basketball terms (3)Chapter 3 the translation of basketball terms (5)Chapter 4 the announcements of basketball terms translation (20)Chapter 5 conclusion (21)Bibliography (22)Acknowledgements (24)The translation and research of basketball termsChapter 1 IntroductionEnglish as a communicate tool in international sports exchange, it have been used in sports field. With the development of basketball sport and the improvement of athletics level, the internal athletes can’t satisfy the requirements of high level game. Lots of international basketball players and coaches come to China, so have a good communication has become a hard problem. Because different languages between local players and foreign player, the translator take a important role in communication, the quality of translation decided foreign players could execute tactics rightly or not directly, and there is a big shortage of basketball translators. Most translators don’t knows basketball well, if the translators can’t tell the basic intention of local coach to foreign players correctly , it will make influence to the results of games, it’s significant to a basketball translator to knows the basketball terms detailedly. So this article based on the characteristics of basketball English, through translate basketball terms details, explains the announcements of translate basketball English, aim to help basketball translator to be more profession and push our countrie’s basketball to a higher level.Chapter 2 the characteristics of basketball termsIn a report of basketball games, the language have the immediacy, opposability, shortly and with idioms oftenly.2.1 the the characteristics of languageThe basketball term should show the fierce and antagonism to create a feel like you are watching the game in the court. So it have the immediacy, opposability in language style.2.1.1 the immediacy, opposability in language styleThe conditions in the basketball court is illusive, so it ask the commentators could describe the conditions immediately and correctly, so the basketball terms should have immedicy, the terms always shortly and could make the audiences understand easily.The competition rules of basketball cause there are stormy body touch, also in basketball terms oftenly come up some vocabulary like “Derby game”or “Enemy ”and orther unfriendly words.2.1.2 lots of idioms in basketball termsIn basketball terms, there are lots of idioms, because the culture differences, many idioms couldn’t understand easily, like “nip-and-tuck ”mean two teams in asame level and any of them couldn’t win the game easily.Chapter 3 the translation of basketball termsAir ball: a kind of offensive condition.a miss shot in basketball that fails to touch the rim and the backboard.Alley oop: a skill of offense. A player pass the air around the basket and another teammate take the ball to the basket by shotting or dunking in the air.Assist: an appellation of offense condintion. When your teammate caught your pass and made a goal it means you made an assist.Assistant coach: the member who help the coach to train players. There are defense assistant coach, offense assistant coach, the fitness assistant coach and so on.Away game: a name of game modus. It means your team should move to another city for the match. In many researches, the probability of winning in away game is lower than home. Except the fans and court elements, fatigue by a long journey also is an important effection.Attempts: the times of shoot.Baby hook: a skill of offense. Use the wrist and the finger dial the ball to the basket softly. The action is keep the ball on one hand, put the hand up frome your chest untill your head, nearly the highest point dial the ball with your wrist and finger to the basket.Back cut: a skill of no-ball running. It always unsing by the shooting guard or the small forward. One of the two player should walk to the paint, suddenly run back to the 3 point line ready to catch passing ball to attack the hook.Back spin: a ball running sate. It means when a player pass or shot,rotate the ball by purpose to keep the orbit straight to the aims.Balance the floor: one of the basketball concept. It means keep the strong side(one side with ball) and the weak side(one side without ball) balance, aviod five players standing one side and make the space congestion.Ball line: a concept of defense. It means the triangle position relationship of ballman and yourself. A right position in defense is very impotant, the wrong defense position make harm to defense.Ball reversal: a offense stratrgy. It means if your team can’t make a chance to goal by three or four deliveries, transfer the ball to another side to attack the basket.Ball side: the name of basketball court. Make a virtual line between two baskets, separate the court to two, the side with the ball in offense round, calls ball side. The strong sid e could make a goal chance, so it would accumulate nany defender, that’s why we call ball saide as strong side.Bank shot: a skill of shot. Through the ball to the backboard, make the ball bounce to the basket by touching the backboard.Basket: bne of the basic equipments. It also called ring, hoop, rim. It is the equipment to determine one team score or not. The inside diameter of the basket should be 45cm, the basket should be metal material, the minimum diameter is 1.7cm, the maximum is 2.0cm.Bench player: a name of player. Not the start five player, the alternative lpayer.Bench depth: The level of bench palyers, usually, if one team have several high level alternative players, it’s means the team have a deep bench depth.Between the legs dribble: a skill of dribble, using the strenth of wrist and finger, make the ball to another side under your legs.Blackborad strategies: A tool of exlaining tactics. The coach explain offenseive and defensive tactics.Block shot: to stop the movement of an opponent, o r stop an opponent’s pass or shot.Blocking foul: the defender through pull or push and other movements to stop the ofeender, it violate the rules, the defender would get a foul.Body low: apractical skill. Whenever you in offense position or you are defending your opponent, kepp low your body is favor on moving qiuckly.Body protects that ball: a skill to the ball hander. When your carring the ball, your defender will deg, dial to froce you lose your ball. Then you can use your shoulders, hips and other positions to protect the ball reasonably.Bounce pass: the skill of passing ball. Pass the ball to your teammate by bounce the floor, if your opponent’s body center if gtavity is high, you can use this way to prevent ball being steal.Box and one: a defensive tactic. One of five plyers takes men to men defend strategy, the others take zone defense. One man take close-marking defense others take a rectangle or a diamond position. If your opponent have a super scorer, you can take this defend strategy. One man try to deny that super scorer, do not let him to get the ball, once the super scorer get the ball, one of the other four player can help to stop him in everywhere.Box out: a skill of getting rebound. You should try to take the position between your opponent and the rim when someone make a shoot, you should keep your arm or body get stuck your opponent prevent him blunting rebound.Bonus: the game condition, it means if one team have made four fouls in a single quarter, the next more fouls should let offensive player take two free throws as punishment.Buzzer beater: a game condition. Buzzer is a tool to remind plyers and referees the time is up. It means when the time nearly gone, one player shot or make a lay up, the ball fall in the basket, meanwhile the time is gone, the buzzer ring, the player calls the buzzer beater.Captain: a member of a team. A man have a higher power, according to the rule, the captain is the only one who have right to discuss rules and with referees, captain also is a leader and manager on the court.Catch and screen: an offensive tactic. One of “passing game tactics”. It means one player dribbling at 3-point line, another teammate do a no-ball running, the man with the ball could deny the chaser with his body to create a chance to score for the no-ball man. This strategy often begin aroud the 3-point line, it also called outside screen.Catch and shoot: one of offensive skills. After no-ball running, catch the ball, make a shoot immediately. It often happens in tansition offense, on player run to 3-point line catch the ball and shoot.Center: the name of team role. Most centers are the talles and strongest in the team, he plays the most significant role in offense and defense. His duty is protecting the hoop, rebounding, even he should do some low post attack, transfer the ball in high post.Charging foul: one defination of rules, it means when an offensive player dribble to forward, happens an illegal physical contact, the offensive player invased his opponent illegally or putposely, that is a foul.Clear-path foul: one defination of rules, when a team have made a fast break, you can’t make foul to him intentionally or unintentionally to stop the man attack the hoop. If you do, your opponent will get two free-throw and continue to offense as a punishment.Chest pass: a skill of passing ball, you can use single hand or double hands to push the ball to your teammate by the strenth of forearms at the hight of your chest.Clean down: relaxion ativities. It means, after one game or a training, players should do some stretching movements for relieving muscle excessive strain. According to reserches, having a 30 minutes slow running as the clean down, is better than rest immidiately.Close out: move to your opponent and make pressure to the ball, a defensive skill. It is when you face a carring bal player, you should move on to stick him and try to steal the ball or deny him to shot.Close the door; a kind of zone defense strategies. It means your teammate help you to form a zone defense, like close a door movement. The essential is retreating your inside foot as a arc, making slide, cut your opponent’s moving route.Coach: the name of team role. The main person in charge, like head coach, assitant coach. He is the man who decide the offensive and defensive tactics, the physical excersise and manage the team.Coast to coast pass: making a large district tansfer, devovling the ball from one side to another side. Because the strong side would have many defender, tansfer the ball to the weak side quickly could make a good chance to scroe. But the passing route is long, the ball could be steal easily.Coast to coast: one player dribble the ball make a lay up from back court to front court, the name of game status. It is very common in a game. If a man have good dribble skill, when he get a rebound or make a steal, he will do a coast to coast, the defenders always be taken by surprise.Combo guard: the role name of player. One player can organize offense like a point guard and also can make scores like a shooting guard. It’s an indispensable role in modern basketball idea.Conmmunucation: one of the basketball concepts. It means in defense or offense, conmunicate with your teammates in detail, tell him the position he should go or make a help-defense.Cones: an offensive tactic. Two teammates make a pick for one player, hope he can attack the hoop. Most cones are basic on shallow cut.Contact: a defensive skill. Use your body legally to deny your opponent. This skill have two keys. The frist is timing, and the second is route. If your opponent move to someplace, the slow deny make a physical contact is a block foul. If the timing right, you can’t take the advantage position, your opponent will catch the ball and score easily. So, once you take the right position in right timing, stop your opponent offensive route, if happen contact, it’s must be charging foul.Continuity offense: sustained offense, one of the basketball concepts. It means a serious tactics from fast break plat to set play.Continuity: one of the basketball concepts, in the whole offensive round, the chance to score gone too soon, if you have a chance to start a fast break, but you didn’t pass the ball immediately, your team should get ready to a set play. Continuity is means many tactics connect in different conditions.Consistency: one of the basketball concepts, it means one same tactics could be carry out in the left or the right court.Court vision: one of the basketball concepts, like a perfect point guard have an exchange vision of everybody on the court. When he dribble, not only he can see other four teammates’ position but also can judge five opponents moving route, that’s a excellent court vision.Court: the gaming field. From the concepts of inventing basketball, basketball belongs to indoor sports, especially, you need run, jump, suddenly stop and pivot, the court better built in wooden floor.Cut: the general term of no-ball running cut. The cut contains flash cut ,back door cut, back cut, U shape cut, L shape cut and so on.Cutting and passing: an offensive skill, it is when you have not chance to break to the post, pass the ball to your teammate and cut to the post at the frist time to create a chance to score.Dead ball: the name of game condition. When the referee blows whistle, every player should not offense and defense until next round.Defense: a general designation to deny your opponent to score, pass ball, move forward and so on.Defensive mind: a defensive concept. Except defender ;s physical fitness or skills, seeking the probable defensive strategy or crack your opponent offensive tactics, these also called defensive mind.Dig: a skill of defense. It means when you in defensive position, try to steal or allocate the ball.Double dribble: the name of violating rules. Under the rule, if your put the ball away when you are dribbling, you can’t dribble once again, or you dribble in two hands, this condition called double dribble.Double team: a defensive technique. Two player stand around the man who carring the ball , and wave hands to interfere and make pressure to the ball force the offensive player 5seconds violation or pass the ball nervously.Double double: the name of gaming data. One player’s defensive and offensive data, like point s, assistants, rebounds, blocks, steals, if any two add up to 10, it’s called double double.Dribble out the time: a offensive strategy. When the time nearly goes up , the leading team will carry out a negative offensive strategy, keep dribbling until the game finish.Drop step: an offensive technique. Dribbling pivot or pivot straightly at the low post to attack the hoop.Dunk: a scoring method. Thumping the ball to the hoop from up to down.Early offense: one of the offensive tactics. It means run offensive tactics before your opponent get ready to defense by getting defense rebound or making a steal.Ejection: a serious foul in basketball rules. One player made a unsportsman like foul or a flagrant foul. It will caused the player hurt. The punishment is two free-throw by the one who got fouled, and the offensive team still have the ball. The player who has been ejected can’t jion the game until the end of the game.Elbowing: a name of foul. It refers to a player wave his elbow hurts his opponent, whether is he willfully or not, he will be got a technical foul.Fade away shot: an offensive skill, also called fade away jumper , it refers to a player use the strenth of legs, jump away to his defender for creating a shoot space tof score.Feed the post: pass the ball to the post, an offensive concept. Because center is the tallerst and strongest player of the team, pass the ball to him is easy to get point s.Feeder: the passer on the court, usually, a feeder could understand the situation and make a right choice to pass the ball.Field goal: the general designation of getting score by shooting , it contains 2 points and 3 points.Field foal percentage: shots hit rate, the proporion of get point s. It means the result of field goals devide attempts, the higher the better.First half: a form of game. Many unprofessional games devide a game to two parts calls first and last half, each half is 20 minutes.Flagrant foul: a basketball rule, the unnecessary, unreasonable foul or harmful foul collectively known as flagrant foul.Flagrant: the referees, the man can judging the game under the rule, there are two or three flagrants in a game, the flagrants guarantee the balance of a game.Follow through: a shooting movement name. It means keep the hand type after makeep a shoot.Force to the outside: a defensive strategy. It means force the player who carrying the ball move to the baseline or sideline then your teammate could come up and makea help-defense.Foul: a violation resulting from illegal contact with an opposing player.Foul out: one of the behaviors of player. Every player could make 4 fouls, if someone made the fifth foul, he should be substituted by another player whose fouls below five.Four-point play: making a 3 points field goal and get 1 point by free through. According to the rule, the shooter made a 3-point shot at the same time his opponent foul to him , if the ball in, he got 3 poins and he should make a free throw as bonus.Free throw: a free shot taken from the free throw line as the result of a foul.Full court: the entire court.Full-court press: a defensive strategy, it refers to the defensive team take a one on one defense from the front court to back court strategy, make pressure to the man who carrying the ball force him lose ball.Game clock: a scoreboard clock that shows the time remaining in each period of a game.Game that’s game: game over. It means the regular game time is over.Give and go: a kind of basic tactics. One offensive player pass to another teammate, then move to the post, the teammate pass the ball back, catch the ball, lay up or slam to score, also called pass and go.GM(general manager): the team’s manager, the manager between team and leader. In professional league, the GM play an important role in trading and signing.Goaltending: the basic basketball rule. After a player shot, when the ball go to the rim in air, a defender slap or tail the ball in hands caused the ball’s route changed, it’s not allowed in the rules. The judgement is the offensive team score whatever the player made a field goal or not.G ust team: the name of team. It means one team attending game in opponent’s venu, the team called gust team.Hacking: the name of rule. When one offensive player shotting, the defender hitting shooter’s hand, the judgement is the shooter make.Half time: the rest time between two half courts, generally the time should be 15minutes.Hand checking: the illegal action of hands, it’s a violate action. It means tracking your opponent’s position by touching him in hands, also called hand-check, the defender stop offenders by hands.Held ball paly: an offensive skill, after jump ball, take an tactic immediately.High low: an offensive tactics. It means in offensive round, set two players in high and low post.Hoding: a kind of defensive foul. Mostly, it means when offensive team read to lay up or move to forward, the defender pulled his arm in purpose for stopping offensive palyer.Home court advantage: the local team have advantages in many ways like fans, the familiarity to the elements.Home jersey: according to the rule, in order to recognize two teams, the home team should wear white clothes or light color clothes.Illegal screen: a kind of offensive violation, the movement of breaking the rule. The offender take an illegal screen to deny the defender, like moving screen.In the paint: in the three seconds area. The name of the trapezoidal zone.Inside foot: when a player stands on the court, the foot nearby the basket called inside foot.Inside play: a basic tactic. It refers to single attack in the post.Isolation: an offensive tactic. It means put four players in one side, and the fifth player play an one-on-one hit in another side.Jump ball: the way to decide which team could have the first attack. At the beginning of a basketball game, each team should let one player jump ball in the central circle, two jumpers should dial the ball before the ball falls into the floor, and they could touch two times at most.Jump inside to help: when the ball transferedto the post, defender moving to the post to help your teammate.Jump shot: a shot taken while a player is jumping through the air, also called jumper, it’s a basic skill, but it require the player have good strength.Line : the area to free throw, also called free throw line.Lay up: a shot taken close to the basket that is usually banked off the backboard and into the basket.L cut: a no-ball running technique, that’s a 90°cross like the letter of L.Leadership: it means one player have a good ability to lead the whole teamed, he could lead and guide other player to finish jobs.Ligament: the body tissue of contacting bones, like cruciate ligament located in knees, it is injured easily.Logical line: a reasonable route of offense, an offensive concept. It means take a reasonable route in offensive round, like once there a teammate ask the ball in the post, you shouldn’t cut in this way.Loose ball foul: foul in no-ball condition, a kind of violation, it’s usually happens in battling for catching rebound, or a no-ball running, it is appropriate for offenders and defenders.Losing streak: fail to win the game continuously.Lottery: the process to decide the order of picking. It’s decided by tossing a coin in beforetime, so it called lottery.Miss match: the wrong defense match, usually in defensive round, most team should set the similar figure or height to defend, but as switching or transition defense, a tall man has to defend a short man or a short player defend a tall player, so calls this miss match. Because there are different advantages both in tall and short man, so, make a miss match situation purposely is a offensive strategy.Motion defense: the moving defense, it means keep moving to make rotation defense to set a double-team defense.Move as the ball: a defensive skill. When the ball transfering, defenders should better move to a correct position in order to help defense or get rebounds.MVP: Most Valuable Player, an award to player, the most outstanding player in one game.Nature: it means one player have some talents in basketball.NBA: National Basketball Association, American professional basketball league,the most high level league in the world.NCAA: national collegiate athletic association, the basketball league of universities in America.No predetermined movement: in a motion offense, there have no fixed route to cut in or cut out.No look pass: pass the ball directly to one teammate by not looking him.Off ball screen: an offensive tactic, two no-ball players screen for each other to find a chance to caused the ball finish score, it’s the most basic skill in screen.Off season: the name of game time, in off season there’s no game or trainning.Off the bench: the name of players, not the starter players.Offensive rebound: get rebound in offensive round, because get offensive rebound can get a more chance to organize offense, it’s an important part of the game.Offensive run: game condition, it means one team make continuous score, depressed opponents’ morale.On fire: have a good feeling in game, it is meaning one player have good condition in some game, could score in every shot.One-on-one defense: man to man defense, a defensive strategy, in mostly game, full court one-on-one defense and half court one-on-one defense is a common strategy.Open post: clear the post, an offensive tactic, it means if opposite side take an one-on-one defense, other four offenders move away from post, let one player make an isolation attack.Opponent: team designation, the team which matching with your team.Overtime: game condition, also calls extra time, as the name implies, two teams make a tie in regular time, so they must take a 5 minutes extra game.Palming: a dribble violation movement, also calls carring the ball. In dribblling, for passing your opponent away, turn over the ball beyond the legal range.Penetrate zone: offensive tactic, a way to break zone defense. Because there are many different kinds of zone defense, there are also many way to break zone defense.Perimeter players: the designation of offensive roles, contains two guards and asmall forward.Perimeter defense: defensive concept, it means the defensive conditions outside the three points line. Mostly, there are good perimeter players who have excellent shoot ability, so defenders should make close defense.Phony tough guy: fake tough guy, it refers to looks fierce and tough, in fact the man feel fear in touching, not a really tough player.Physical game: it means playoff game. Commonly in NBA, the playoff games contact with taking the title, the physical contacting is frequently.Physical condition: the general name of bounce, speed, agility and some nature talents.Pick: a cover skill, offensive player seeking a chance to attack the rim, making a barrier in teammate’s body, the skill to stop the defender hard to follow the offender.Pick and roll: an offensive tactic, one of the on ball screen tactics, the main technique is pick and roll, pick and split. The player who set a screen should run to the post immediately, catch the ball to make a lay up or slam.Pick and split: an offensive tactic, one of the on ball screen tactics, after set a screen, the player should run to the outside, catch the ball to shoot.Princeton offense: a name of offensive tactic system, it is invented by Pete Carril, the basketball coach of Princeton. It contains many little tactics like outside screen, hawk offense, on ball screen tactic and so on.Quadruple double: the name of gaming data. One player’s defensive and offensive data, like point s, assistants, rebounds, blocks, steals, if any four datas come up to ten, it calls quadruple double.Quarter: the progress of game, there are four quarters in a professional game, each quarter have 10 or 12 minutes.Quick hitter: the name of player who have a quick speed to shot.Read the defense: a basketball concept, it refers to understand the defense on the court, the offensive players should analyze the position and the purpose of defenders.Regular season: the season of game, in NBA there are regular season and play off season, the regular season decided the rank and the opposite team in the play offseason.Reign man: if a player have good techniques than others, his ability could make effects to the game.Road jersey: the non-local team weared in the game, for distinguishing two teams, road team shoul wear the dark color clothes.Rookie of the year: an award in NBA, for encouraging the young player, select one most outstanding player among all the first-year players.Rookie: attend the game for the first year.Run and gun: an offensive strategy, push or dribble to the front court quickly, also pass the ball quickly to seek a chance to score, in the whole progress the team should keep running and moving.Run: make scores continuously, game condition, like 12-0 run in last 4 inutes means in 4 inutes the offensive team scoreed 12 points.Safety: the roles on the court, in a game, a team should let one or two players battle for getting rebounds, and other players should run to back court when your team finished once attack in order to stop opposite team make fast break.Schedule: the game journey, the detail informations of game, includes the date, time, place and opposite team informations.Score: game records, the way to judge win or lose in basketball game.Second chance points: one condition in game, the offensive team missed the shot but they catched the offensive rebound so they have the second chance to score.Set play: the name of offensive tactic, it means make an organized, a systematic offensive strategies.Shot clock violation: basketball rule, it means can’t finish once attack in 24 seconds. For avoid the offensive team delaying time, the rule stipulate the offensive team must finish once attack or make the ball touch the rim in 24 seconds.Sixth man: the role of players, except the five starters, the best player in bench. NBA have an special award for the sixth man.Swing man: a kind of player, it refers to could play as a shooting guard and small forward, like the pointer of clock swings between two roles.。