实验中学2014届高三英语语法专项复习------虚拟语气虚拟语气的概念---虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达说话人的愿望，意图，建议，惊奇，设想等未能实现的情况，以及在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况。
虚拟语气的特点：１．虚拟语气表达的是与客观现实相反的观念。
２．虚拟语气常由一个表示条件的从句和一个主句构成。
３．由于虚拟语气中条件从句中的条件是与客观事实相反，因此其主句的结论也只能是想象的，非真实的。
４．虚拟语气的特点决定了它句中动词形式的使用与真实句中的动词形式的是不同的。
含if条件句的虚拟语气按时间的不同，分成以下三种形式：1）与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。
2）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气3）与将来事实相反的虚拟语气一．在不同时间下，含if条件句的虚拟语气的3种形式：与现在事实相反were mightif+主语+ 过去式动词would，主语+ could + Vshould与过去事实相反mightwould + have + 过去分词If +主语+had +过去分词, 主语+ couldShould与将来事实相反were mightif + 主语+ were to +v 主语+ would + Vshould + v. could注：１.虚拟语气中助动词be的过去时(无论句子的主语是第几人称，是单数还是复数)一律用were，不用was。
２.含if条件句的虚拟语气句子中，如果“if”从句中含有“were, had ”或“should ”时，则可省略连词“if ”，而把“were, had ”或“should”移至主语之前，构成倒装句。
1.与现在事实相反１）If I had a car, I should be very happy.=Had I a car, I should be very happy.(将had提到句首，再将if省略，构成倒装句)2) If I were a bird, I could fly.= Were I a bird, I could fly. (将were提到句首，再将if省略，构成倒装句) 3) If it weren’t raining, we should go for a picnic.2.与过去事实相反(试试将下列句子改为倒装句)1) If I had known her telephone number, I would have called her.2) If you had come ten minutes earlier, you could have met that famous film star.3) If I had realized the importance of English study, I should have worked much harder.3.与将来事实相反(试试将下列句子改为倒装句)1）If I were to be twenty years old, I would take the course of computer science.2) If I did /should do/were to do that, she would feel very surprised.3) If I failed, I would try again. （不可改成倒装句）二．某些动词后宾语从句中的虚拟语气。
1. 在动词suggest“建议”, insist“坚持要求做…”, order, command, require, request , demand 等后面的宾语从句中，动词形式一般用“(should) + 动词原形，用以表示一种建议，劝说，命令，要求的语气。
例：１）The teacher suggested we (should )finish that task at the end of next week.2) The officer ordered that the enemy (should) be surrounded in the village before daylight.3) His uncle insists that he (should) go to the most well-known university instead of some common ones.注意1) 在It’s suggeste d /ordered /required/demanded/decided/necessary/important 等结构的主语从句中，或suggestion, order, idea等词的同位语从句和表语从句中，也应用should +动词原形，或省略should, 以适合于说话人所表示的建议或要求，命令的语气。
例：a. It’s suggested that a modern hotel (should) be set up at the front of the hill.b. The general gave the order that the bridge (should ) be destroyed before 5 o’clock in the morning.2)当suggest的主语不指人，而是指某一现象时，同时宾语从句不表示建议，而是暗示一种情况，这时宾语从句不用should +动词原形，而应根据内容而选择正确的时态。
Insist表示“坚持认为”时，也不用should +动词原形，而应根据内容而选择正确的时态。
例：a. The expression on his face suggested that he was unhappy.b. She insisted that her answer was right.2.常见的要求使用虚拟语气的特殊动词，词组，句型。
1) It is + (high/about) time + that +主语＋should + V（较少用,这里的“should"不可省略）V-ed （常用，在语法填空中一定填此形式）例：a. It’s about time that you ___B____ your store.A . close B. closed C. have closed D. had closedb. It’s high time that he __B__ to think how to deal with the money.A. would beginB. beganC. beginD. will begin2) “wish” + 宾语从句时V-ed…. 表对现在的愿望wish （that）+宾语从句的主语+ had done 表对过去的愿望could/would/ might + V. 表对将来的愿望。
例：(1) -----Do you have a type writer?-----No, but I wish I ________.A．have B. had C. do D. had had(2) I wish I _______ my time when I was young.A. didn’t wasteB. shouldn't have wasteC. hadn’t waste dD. wouldn't have wasted(3) I wish we _______ with my brother when he flies to England next week.A would go B. had gone C. will go D. are going答案: (1) B (2) C (3) A注意:“If only…从句“表示一种愿望或是向往的假设，其意义是"要是……就好了”、“但愿……”。
这个句型中的语序是正常语序，不倒装。
另外，其谓语动词的虚拟式与wish后面宾语从句中谓语动词的虚拟式相同。
例句：If only I had visited you yesterday.("要是我昨天去了拜访你就好了"实际没有去)3) as if, as though表不可能，不真实情况时的虚拟语气例：a. They look rather puzzled, as if /though they didn’t know. 表现在b. He talks as if he had been to the moon. 表过去c. He is very happy as if /though he could win the game. 表将来4) would rather在虚拟语气中的用法V-ed表现在或将来would rather +从句的主语+had done 表过去例：a . I would rather you came tomorrow than today.b.I would rather you hadn't said that.5）It's necessary /important /natural/strange/right+ that从句，从句谓语要用（should）+V原型。
It's necessary /important that every party member (should ) take the lead and work well.三、“情态动词+have done”的虚拟结构1. “should +have done”表示过去应该做而没做。
如：You should have been here five minutes ago. 你本应该5分钟前就到这儿。
2. “could +have done”意思是过去本来能够做某事而没有做。
如：“There were already five people in the car, but they managed to take me as well.”“It couldn’t have been a comfortable journey.”“车里已经有五个人了，他们又设法带上了我。
”“那一定不会是个舒服的旅程。
”3．“might +have done”意思是过去某个动作有可能发生，但实际上并没发生。
She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances.如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得了更大的成绩。