①绝对判断
Dicto simpliciter
An argument based on an unqualified generalization
Eg:1.exercise is good . There everybody should exercise.(who have heart disease)
2.meat will make people fat. (吃肉会长胖)
②草率结论
Hasty generalization
Eg:1.you can`t speak french. I can`t speak french. Petey can`t speak french. So nobody at the university of minnesota can speak french.
2.齐国晏子楚国君王橘生淮南则为橘，生于淮北则为枳，叶徒相似，其实味不同。

所以然者何？水土异也。

今民生长于齐不盗，入楚则盗，得无楚之水土使民善盗耶？”
③牵强附会
Post hoc
A faulty generalization by reaching an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence Eg:1.let`s not take Bill on our picnic. Evert time we take him out with us ,it rains.
2.Bill purchases a new Power Mac and it works fine for months. He then buys and installs a new piece of software. The next time he starts up his Mac, it freezes. Bill concludes that the software must be the cause of the freeze.
④前提矛盾
Contradictory premises
An argument that draws conclusion from inconsistent or incompatible
Essentially a proposition is contradictory when it asserts and denies the same thing
Eg:1. if god can do anything,can he make a stone so heavy that he won`t be able to lift it?
2.
⑤文不对题
Ad misericordiam
Eg:1.a man applies for a job. Instead he appeals to the boss`s sympathy.
2.We hope you'll accept our recommendations. We spent the last three months working extra time on it.
⑥错误类比
False analogy
Eg:1.students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during examinations. After all, surgeons have x-rays to guide them during an operation ,lawyers have briefs to guide them during a trial.
2.
⑦与事实相反的假设
Hypothesis contrary to fact
Eg:1.if madame curie had not happened to leave a photographic plate in a drawer with a chunk of pitchblende ,the world today would not know about radium.
2.If I had studied hard, I would definitely have passed the test.
⑧井里投毒
Poisoning the well
Eg:1.my opponent is a notorious liar. You can`t believe a word that he is going to say....
2. You may argue that God doesn't exist, but you are just following a fad.。