7.2 Grammar presentation
►The
deductive method ►The inductive method ►The guided discovery method ►Using listening as input ►Pennington(2002) s synthesis approach to grammatical pedagogy. (4cs)
► Ur(1996:81):
The presentation should not take longer than five minutes. ► Pennington(2002:92-93): grammar teaching should be “collocational, constructive, contextual and contrastive”
The inductive method
► In
the inductive method, the teacher induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation. ► It is believed that the rules will become evident if the students are given enough appropriate examples. ► It is believed that the inductive method is more effective in that(=because) students discover the grammar rules themselves while engaged in language use.
Main Contents
►The
role of grammar in ELT ►Methods for grammar presentation ►Methods for grammar practice
7.1 The role of grammar in ELT
Grammar and vocabulary are the essential means by which we communicate
Teaching grammar using listening as input
► Listening
to comprehend ► Listening to notice ► Understanding the grammar point ► Checking ► Trying it out
Hints of presenting grammar
Distinction between Deduction and Induction in grammar teaching
Deductive teaching
e.g.
Inductive teaching
e.g.
e.g.
Rule
e.g.
Hale Waihona Puke e.g.Rulee.g.
e.g.
e.g.
Usually no clear-cut distinction
Grammar presentation methods
►The
►The
reasoning, analyzing and comparing. Chinese explanations and grammatical terms.
deductive method: relies on inductive method: more
Reflections on grammar teaching “Should grammar be taught at all?”
► It
is generally observed that the same student who demonstrates a good mastery of English grammar in standardized tests has very shaking grammar in speaking and writing, that is, there are very obvious grammatical mistakes he makes in using language.The weak correlation between learners’ grammar knowledge and communicative competence has led many people to doubt the role of grammar in learning a foreign language. ► Teachers tend to minimize the importance of grammar in communicative language teaching.
►In
practice, the distinction between the deductive method and the inductive method is not always apparent.
The guided discovery method
► Be
similar to the inductive method ► Two key theoretical issues related to this method: ► The role of explicit knowledge in language learning ► The value of discovery as a general method of learning ► Implicit knowledge: knowledge that unconsciously exists in our mind which we can make use of automatically without making any effort. ► Explicit knowledge: conscious knowledge about the language. We can talk about it, analyse it and apply it in conscious ways.
Merits of the deductive method
► It
could be very successful with selected and motivated students. ► It could save time when students are confronted with a grammar rule which is complex but which has to be learned. ► It may help to increase student’ confidence in those examinations which are written with accuracy as the main criterion of success.
examples before present the rules of grammar; teacher elicit the grammar rule from the students. The process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.
7.3 Grammar practice
According to Ur, 6 factors contribute to successful practice
Pre-learning.（ 预习） Learners benefit from clear perception and short-term memory of the new language. Volume and repetition. （反复复习）The more exposure to or production of language the learners have, the more likely they are to learn. Success-orientation. （成功感）Practice is most effective when based on successful practice. Heterogeneity. （水平要求的多样性）Practice should be able to elicit different sentences and generate different levels of answers from different learners. Teacher assistance. （教师的辅助）The teacher should provide suggestions, hints and prompts. Interest : （趣味性）an essential feature that is closely related to concentration
►The
guided discovery method:
The deductive method
► The
deductive method relies on reasoning, analysing and comparing.
The deductive method is criticized because: ►Grammar is taught in an isolated way; ►Little attention is paid to meaning; ►The practice is often mechanical.