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医学免疫学简介


Adoptive
Bone marrow transplant
宿主体内的免疫系统识别和清除
• 免疫系统是由免疫组织和器官、免疫细胞及
免疫活性分子等组成。
• 免疫细胞对病原体或肿瘤细胞的适当应答,
使之清除。
• 免疫应答过高或过低,均为异常。
第二节 免疫应答的类型及作用
• 固有免疫应答(inanate immune
第五节 免疫病理与免疫性疾病
• 超敏感反应病 反应过高 • 免疫缺陷病 免疫功能低下或缺失 • 自身免疫性疾病 对自身抗原应答所致
that triggered it.
– Receptors on surface of immune cells have same specificity as the antibody/effector activity that will be generated
• Exposure to antigen creates an immunologic
• Non-specific (eg. Low pH in stomach) • Receptor-driven (eg. PAMP-recognition)
• Adaptive immunity (antigen-specific)
– Receptor-driven – Pre-existing clones programmed to make
a specific immune response (humoral/cellular)
The products of the immune response may be used
• To diagnose disease • To monitor disease progress • As reagents in assays to detect and
Monocytes circulate in the peripheral blood prior to emigration into the tissues. Within certain organs they have special names, e.g. in liver they are known as Kupfer cells, in brain as microglia cells , in kidney as mesangial cells, and in bone as osteoclasts. Elsewhere they are referred to as tissue macrophages
Passive
placental transfer
Acquired
Adoptive Active
immune cells in colostrum
Specific immunization
Artificially acquired
Passive administration of preformed antibodies
• T、B细胞的克隆扩增及分化 B细胞通过
BCR识别和结合抗原而活化,在B细胞生长 因子作用下,进行克隆扩增。TCR需与 APC处理过的抗原多肽结合,在T细胞生长 因子作用下进行克隆扩增。
Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity
• Immune response is highly specific for the antigen
• 巨噬细胞将病原体吞噬,病原体成分被水
解,形成抗原分子——活化B细胞;或与 MHC分子结合,经APC提呈给T细胞,使T 细胞活化。
• 郎格汉斯细胞-吞噬处理抗原-迁移至淋巴结
-分化为树突状细胞,失去吞噬能力而具有 很强提呈能力。
四、自然杀伤细胞
• NK细胞一经识别病毒感染细胞后,即可发
挥杀伤作用,与T、B淋巴细胞不同。
中性粒细胞、血小板等
二、淋巴细胞
• 淋巴细胞分为B细胞和T细胞,分别来源于
骨髓和胸腺
• B淋巴细胞 表面的BCR及分泌的抗体均为
免疫球蛋白。由B细胞介导的免疫称为体液 免疫
• T淋巴细胞 TCR为双链分子。细胞毒性T细
胞、调节性T细胞(辅助性T细胞和抑制性T 细胞)
三、抗原处理及抗原提呈细胞
“memory.”
– Due to clonal expansion and creation of a large pool of cells committed to that antigen
– Subsequent exposure to the same antigen results in a rapid and vigorous response
第一节 概述
免疫(Immunity): 指免除疫病(传染病) 及抵抗多种疾病的发生。
• Distinguishes “self” from “non-self” • Danger Hypothesis • “Protection” from infection, tumors, etc. • A response that may result in host
immunity
B Lymphocyte
basophil mast cell monocyte
common myeloid progenito r
common lymphoid progenit or
plasma cell
Natural Killer cell
macrophage
一、吞噬细胞
• 单核-巨噬细胞
泌尿生殖道的黏膜上皮细胞下,均聚集有
无包膜的淋巴组织。在小肠黏膜上皮细胞 间存在一类T细胞称上皮淋巴细胞。即 αβ+T细胞——特异免疫应答; γδ+T细 胞——固有免疫应答
二、中枢免疫器官
• 骨髓 B淋巴细胞发育成熟的场

胸腺 由胸腺基质细胞和胸腺细胞组成。是T 淋巴细胞,尤其是αβ+T细胞发育的场所。胸 腺基质细胞与胸腺细胞的相互作用,对T细胞 的发育是至关重要的。
(granulomas) – The tissues become a carrier for a hapten
(poison ivy, nickel, penicillin) – Rejection of transplanted tissues
第三节 免疫细胞
• 在免疫细胞中,执行固有免疫功能的细胞
三、淋巴细胞再循环
• 淋巴细胞经淋巴循环及血液循环,运行并
再分布于全身各处淋巴器官及淋巴组织中。
• 淋巴细胞在各淋巴组织和淋巴器官中的定
位有一定特异分布性。取决于淋巴细胞表 面黏附分子种类及高内皮细胞小静脉 (HEV)表达的相应黏附分子受体。
• 淋巴细胞再循环的作用
使淋巴细胞能在体内各淋巴组织及器官处 合理分布,能动员淋巴细胞至病原体入侵 处,并将抗原活化的淋巴细胞引流入局部 淋巴组织及器官,在此产生免疫应答效应。
response)皮肤黏膜、局部分泌物质、吞 噬细胞、NK细胞和补体
• 适应性免疫应答(adaptive immune
response) T、B细胞
Two types of immunity
• Innate immunity (not antigen-specific)
– Anatomical barriers – Mechanical – Biochemical
quantify other substances
一、固有免疫应答
• 巨噬细胞、NK细胞——非特异性杀伤
• 细胞因子(Cytokines)——导致炎症细
胞渗出——引起炎症
二、适应性免疫应答
• T、B淋巴细胞被抗原活化 抗原是指一组能
被T或B细胞识别的有机物质,包括多肽、 寡糖及脂质酸等l-Mediated
• Cytotoxic TLymphocyte
• Natural Killer Cells • Antibody-mediated
cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
肺部巨噬细胞吞噬大肠杆菌
• 中性粒细胞
Neutrophils, or neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes, respond to chemotactic signals and leave capillaries by a complex process, involving margination (flowing nearer to the endothelial lining of blood vessels), rolling and then attaching (margination), following which they emigrate between the endothelial cells (extravasation, or diapedesis).
tissue damage
Host Defense
Defense Mechanisms
Innate
Inborn independent of previous experience
Active
after natural exposure to a foreign
agent
Naturally acquired
第四节 免疫组织与免疫器 官
Lymphoid Organs
• Primary or central lymphoid organs
– bone marrow and thymus – where lymphocytes are generated
• Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs
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