1、可数名词Countable Noun1.1 规则名词的复数形式，如：①map——maps ②box——boxes ③story——stories1.2不规则名词的复数形式1）以-o结尾的名词多数加-es构成复数：hero——heroes 英雄cargo——cargoes货物potato——potatoes 土豆tomato——tomatoes西红柿**某些外来词以-o结尾，但只加-s：auto——autos 汽车piano——pianos钢琴photo——photos 照片kilo——kilos公里**以-oo或元音字母加-o结尾的词也只加-s：zoo——zoos动物园radio——radios收音机bamboo——bamboos 竹子studio——studios照相馆2）以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多数变f为v再加上-es：thief——thieves小偷knife——knives刀wife——wives妻子life——lives生命shelf——shelves架子half——halves半**但有些只加-s：belief——beliefs信念roof——roofs屋顶3）常见特殊复数形式：child——children孩子foot——feet脚，英尺goose——geese鹅ox——oxen牛tooth——teeth牙齿mouse——mice老鼠basis——bases基础medium——media媒介man——men 男人woman——women女人chairman——chairmen 主席datum——data数据4）常见单复数形式相同：sheep绵羊deer鹿fish鱼fruit水果yuan 元shark鲨鱼Chinese 中国人Swiss瑞士人5）常见的只能用复数形式的名词：works工厂species种类crossroads十字路口means手段goods货物clothes衣服shoes鞋thanks感谢surroundings环境politics政治学physics物理学glasses眼镜outskirts郊wages工资***另外一些集合名词如：cattle，mankind，police，people，staff等总是用作复数。
2、不可数名词2.1单位词修饰不可数名词：a piece of bread 一片面包 a bag of sand 一袋沙 a bottle of beer一瓶啤酒a game of chess一盘棋2.2度量词修饰不可数名词：a kilo of rice 一千克大米 a meter of string一米带子2.3常见不可数名词：advice 忠告bread 面包chalk 粉笔furniture 家具meat 肉damage损失progress 进步paper 纸news新闻rice 大米money 钱grass草luggage 行李knowledge知识sugar糖work工作food 食物information信息equipment设备baggage行李3、名词的所有格1）名词+ 's：Mary's book2）名词s （复数）+ '：the workers' library特殊如：the children's palace 少年宫Women's day 妇女节3）如某物为两人所共有，只需在两个名词后加's：Mary and Jane's car 共有否则为：Mary's and Jane's cars 各自4）双重所有格：a friend of my father's /mine 我（父亲）的一位朋友（部分概念）a photo of Tom's 汤姆所拥有的一张照片，但照片上的未必是他本人***名词和数词组成复合结构：一个为期三天的假期①a three-week holiday ②a three weeks'holiday ③aholiday of three weeksDr. Jones has a five-year-old daughter.二、冠词1、不定冠词a、an：表泛指，用于单数可数名词前，表示任何一个/类。
1.1以辅音音素开头的名词或词组前用a；以元音音素开头的名词或词组前用ana university a European a book an umbrellaan hour an error***不可数名词用作可数名词时，可用a/an，如：She was inspired with a newcourage.1.2常见使用不定冠词的固定搭配：have a cold 患感冒as a result因此，结果as a rule 通常have a good timehave a word with与…谈话have a rest休息一会in a hurry 匆忙地in a word 总之once in a while偶尔take a walk 散步come to an end 结束all of a sudden 突然make a living谋生make a fire生火make a fortune发财a couple of 一对 a great deal of大量的 a lot of 许多2、定冠词the：表特指，意为这（些）、那（些）。
1）第二次提到，或双方都已知道的人或事物：There is some water in the cup. The water is hot.Close the door，please.（已知）2）单数可数名词前，表示种类：The telephone was invented by Bell. The early bird catches the worms.捷足先登3）世界上独一无二的事物，以及表示江河、海洋、山脉等地理名称：the earth the Bible圣经the Universe 宇宙the Yangtze River长江the sun the Lord 上帝the Pacific Ocean太平洋the Sahara Desert撒哈拉沙漠4）限定意味较强的定语：the book you bought yesterdaythe history of China5）用于具有鉴别意义的普通名词前，如：the planet Mercury水星the play "KingLear"剧本《李尔王》6）其他用法：①西洋乐器前，表示演奏某种乐器：play the violin （piano）②某些形容词前，使其名词化，表示这一类人或事物：the poor，the true③姓氏的复数形式和民族名称前，表示全家和整个民族：the Turners，the Chinese④逢十的年份前，表示几十年代：in the 1980s⑤形容词最高级和序数词前：the biggest，the second⑥某些计量单位的名词前：Apples are sold by the pound.7）常见使用定冠词的固定搭配：by the way 顺便说一句in the future 未来in the morning在上午in the end 最终in the meanwhile同时in the sun在阳光下on the average平均on the alert警惕on the contrary相反on the right在右边on the increase增长on the spot 当场play the fool 做傻事keep the house居家不外出in the dark 在暗处at the cost of 以…为代价3、零冠词1）不可数名词表示泛指时：Without water man cannot live.2）复数可数名词表示泛指时：Teachers generally like diligent students.3）专有名词前一般用零冠词：China，Asia，Beijing University，Hyde Park（海德公园）4）其他用法：①季节名称前：Summer is coming.②法定节日前：National Day New Year's Day③球类运动和棋类游戏前：play football，play chess（bridge）下棋（打桥牌）④餐名前：When will lunch be ready？5）零冠词固定短语：at first at desk（table）在办公（吃饭）at last on purpose 故意on foot徒步in debt负债in trouble陷入困境at night at sea在海上at home by accident偶然in bed 卧床by chance碰巧in order of 以…的次序go to school go tobed in common 相同的in detail详细地in hospital住院in/ after class take place 发生in return作为回敬in sight of 看见on fire在燃烧make friends withkeep in mind记在心里三、代词1、人称代词主格I you he，she，it we you they宾格me you him，her，it us you them1.1排序一般为：第二人称，第三人称，第一人称：you，he and I；you，John and I1.2 it 的用法①代事物、动物、婴儿以及未知的人或事：Who is that？It's my friend.②用于引出非人称句，表示天气、时间和距离等：It's cloudy today.③形式代词：It is quite right that you did that.④引导强调句：It was his father that made him a lawyer.2、物主代词形容词性my your his，her，its our your their名词性mine yours his，hers，its ours yours theirs2.1形容词性物主代词属限定词范围，注意避免人称和数的误用。
2.2名词性物主代词可作主语、宾语和表语。
Ours is a socialist country. This dictionary is mine. afriend of mine no fault of yours3、反身代词myself yourself himself，herself，itself ourselves yourselvesthemselvesTake care of yourself. He was teaching himself English.The man in the photo is myself. She herself was a doctor.4、指示代词：this、that、these、those4.1关于that的固定用法：（1）Jack helped finish my work and that was kind ofhim.杰克帮助我完成了任务，他（那样做）真是太好了。