关节镜微创双束重建前交叉韧带的临床应用研究[摘要] 目的探讨膝关节镜下微创双束重建前交叉韧带的手术方法及其疗效。
方法 2007年2月~2011年8月,利用关节镜微创技术对163例膝关节前交叉韧带撕裂伤患者进行双束重建手术。
手术采用常规关节镜髌下前内侧(am)和前外侧(al)入路,镜下证实前交叉韧带撕裂伤并处理合并伤后在胫骨结节内侧做斜形手术切口,取出半腱肌及股薄肌腱,修整编织,分别对折成3~4股,备用。
在胫骨及股骨分别钻制2骨道(共4骨道),引入编织好的半腱肌及股薄肌。
股骨端采用endobutton翻转固定,胫骨端采用界面可吸收螺钉固定。
结果 163例患者中3例失访,其余患者术后随访时间为12~30个月。
术前、术后采用lysholm评分,手术前lysholm评分平均为50(43~71)分,12个月后随访时lysholm 评分平均为93(78~99)分。
优良率为95%。
结论关节镜微创双束重建前交叉韧带术仿造正常前交叉韧带的解剖结构,有效地重建了维持膝关节前后直向及轴向旋转稳定装置,术后患者膝关节稳定性得到了全面的恢复,疗效较单束重建术进一步得到了提高。
[关键词] 前交叉韧带;关节镜;腘绳肌腱;双束重建the clinical research of the arthroscopic minimally invasive surgery treatment for double-bundle reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligamantdeng huaidong huang zhongqiang tan zhichao zhang binshanorthopedics department ⅰ(joint bone department), traditional medical hospital of dongguan city in guangdong province, dongguan 523000, china[abstract] objective to investigate the operative method and clinical effect of the arthroscopic minimally invasive surgery treatment for double-bundle reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligamant. methods february 2007 to august 2011, used of arthroscopy minimally invasive technology on 163 cases of knee torn ligament of the across before patients with double beam reconstruction surgery. the conventional arthroscopic surgery under the patellar before (am) and anterolateral (al) into the road, under mirror confirmed that former cross torn ligament injury and deal with the merger in tibia nodules inside did normal oblique incision, took out half a tendon muscles and tendons of thin, trim weave, were folded in half into 3 to 4 shares, set aside. in tibia and femur bone drilling system respectively 2 way (general 4 bone way), the introduction of weaving good half sinews and strands thin muscle. the up end of the tendons were fixed with endobutton while the tibial end was fixed by interface absorbable screws. results postoperative follow-ups were carried out for 12 to 30 months among the 163 cases exceptfor the 3 cases who couldn′t be contacted for the follow-up. it adopted lysholm score before and after the operation. before the operation the average lysholm score was 50 (43-71) points, twelve months after the operation the average lysholm score was 93 (78-99) points in the follow-up visit. the good rate was 95%. conclusion the arthroscopic minimally invasive surgery treatment for double-bundle reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligamant imitates the normal anatomical structure of anterior cruciate ligamant, effectively rebuilds the stabilization that can maintain the spin of the knee to move back and forth in the vertical and axial direction. after the operation, the stablization of the patients′ knee is recovered very well. compare to the single-bundle reconstruction, the clinical effect of double-bundle reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligamant is more satisfactory.[key words] anterior cruciate ligamant; arthroscopy; hamstring tendon; double-bundle reconstruction前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,acl)是稳定膝关节的重要结构,在膝部各种韧带损伤中最常见,所以又被骨科医生称为“看门狗韧带”。
acl断裂后,膝关节的不稳定不但会影响日常活动和运动,而且会造成关节内结构的进一步损伤,因此为了恢复膝关节的结构和功能,重建损伤的acl已成为共识。
近年来,在acl 重建手术中,关节镜下采用自体腘绳肌腱(hamstring tendon,ht)或异体肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带的技术得到普遍应用,笔者于2007年2月~2011年8月利用关节镜微创技术对163例膝关节前交叉韧带撕裂伤患者进行双束前交叉韧带重建,现报道如下:1 资料与方法1.1 一般资料本组患者163例,男102例,女61例,年龄16~48岁,平均25岁。
均为单侧膝关节前交叉韧带撕裂伤。
以伤后3周为界限分为新鲜损伤与陈旧损伤,新鲜损伤者81例,陈旧损伤者82例。
其中,车祸伤35例,篮球运动损伤41例,羽毛球运动损伤者30例,足球运动损伤者25例,其他不明原因损伤者32例。
新鲜损伤者术前关节肿痛明显,并膝关节不同程度活动受限。
陈旧损伤患者均出现不同程度关节乏力,不稳感,其中64例有再损伤经历。
术前常规mri及x线片检查,152例明确诊断为前交叉韧带撕裂伤, 11例术前mri诊断前交叉韧带为部分撕裂伤,术中镜下探查发现acl完全撕裂。
163例患者中108例合并有内或外侧半月板的不同程度的裂伤,均在镜下给予成型或切除或镜下全内缝合术。
其中6例患者合并后交叉韧带撕裂伤,同时给予自体或异体或lars人工韧带重建后交叉韧带。
合并内侧副韧带损伤者25例,ⅰ度、ⅱ度不予修补,以石膏外固定,其中ⅲ度损伤者8例,给予探查修补。
1.2 手术方法手术采用腰硬联合麻,患者仰卧位,大腿根扎气囊止血带充气止血。
常规关节镜髌下前内侧(am)和前外侧(al)关节镜入路,置镜探查关节,发现前交叉韧带撕裂伤后,清理关节内阻挡视野的滑膜组织,同时处理半月板的合并伤。
对于半月板红白区的纵裂给予用smith-nephew公司的fast-fix全内半月板缝合器缝合。
对于不稳定的半月板撕裂伤给予成型或切除。
处理完合并伤后,在胫骨结节内侧做一约3 cm的斜形手术切口,取出半腱肌及股薄肌腱(腘绳肌腱),取肌腱时应尽量保留其全长,尤其在分离其止点时应注意连带部分骨膜一起撕下,修整编织,测其长度,将两肌腱分别对折成3~4股,一般情况下将半腱肌作为重建深束(前外侧束)的移植物,对折后要求长度及直径分别达到6.5 mm×70.0 mm以上;将股薄肌作为重建浅束(后外侧束)的移植物,对折后要求长度及直径分别达到5.5 mm×60.0 mm以上。
若患者肌腱质量不高达不到上述要求,则可加用一条异体肌腱用作后外侧束的移植材料,而将2条自体腘绳肌用作深束(前内侧束)的移植物,以保证双束重建的移植物的长度及直径。
用专用的smith-nephew公司的acufex交叉韧带定位器械定位胫骨骨道内口于原前交叉韧带足印区内的内外侧髁间棘的坡面上,钻制2个分别容纳前内侧束和后外侧束的骨道,骨道的直径跟已编织制备好的待植入肌腱的直径一致。
再利用胫骨的骨道分别定位股骨的两骨道内口,使深束位于“过顶位”10点半钟(右)或1点半钟(左)位置,浅束内口位于深束内口远侧8~10 mm原韧带足印区内,分别建立直径与移植肌腱相同的股骨内骨道,两骨道之间应留有约2 mm的骨壁。
再用4.5 mm的空心钻钻穿股骨外侧骨皮质。