---by Hofstede
Individualism-Collectivism Uncertainty Avoidance (high vs. low) Power Distance (high vs. low) Masculinity & Femininity
Cultural Dimensions
Cultural Dimensions
---by Hofstede Power Distance
High
Inequality Social hierarchy
Low
Equality No hierarchy
Cultural Dimensions
---by Hofstede
Masculinity
Femininity
Five Basic Questions --- by Clyde & Kluckhohn
? ? ? ? ?
Human nature orientation Man-Nature orientation Time orientation Activity orientation Social orientation
---by Hofstede Collectivism Individualism “I” consciousness “we” consciousness Rigid social framework Competition Cooperation Personal goals In-group goals privacy Shared beliefs
Cultural Dimensions
---by Hofstede Uncertainty Avoidance
High
Avoid ambiguity Formal rules Seek consensus Anxiety & stress planning
Low
Tolerance of ambiguity Deviant ideas Initiative Risk Flexible
Homework
Make a comparison of two countries except the U.S., China and Japan.
Thanks!
Cultural Differences
Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart. ------- Confucian saying
Sep. , 2008
Male-oriented Caring & nurturing Ambitious Sexual equality Achievement People & environment Acquisition of money Interdependence Sympathy
Discussion
What are the similarities and differences bt. the Hofstede model and the Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck model?
Questions to discuss
How does culture serve basic human needs? How is culture related to nature? And how does culture affect human life? What is the relationship between culture and communication?
The Use Activity Relationships Basically Good Man the Master Future-oriented Doing Individualism
Cultural Dimensions