高考英语阅读理解题猜词技巧摘要：本文从高考考试说明入手，针对其提出的要求之一分别从构词法和语境法两个方面出发，总结归纳了一些阅读理解题常用的猜词技巧，并结合大量实例，使读者全方位地了解各个技巧及其使用，对于即将参加高考的考生来说希望能起到一定的指导作用。

关键词：高考考试说明构词法语境法猜测词义一、引言2012年高考考试说明中，明确写明考生应掌握的阅读技能，其中第三点就是“根据上下文提供的线索猜测生词的词义”。

所以这点对于正备战与高考的考生来说很重要，在平时的阅读理解练习中就应当尽可能注意积累一些猜词技巧，这样在真正考试的时候就不会束手无策。

二、正文常见的猜词技巧主要有两大类：构词法和语境法。

1.构词法通过了解和掌握一些构词法的知识在阅读过程中进行运用来猜测词义。

构词法一般包括添加词缀、构成符合词和词性转化三类。

构词法常见的就是在一个单词的基础上添加前缀或（和）后缀，如：reconsider（重新考虑），coexist（共存），preschool（学前），postwar（战后），participant（参加者），advantageous（有利的）等。

构词法还包括由两个或多个单独的词构成一个新词，这种词叫复合词，如snowfall（降雪），world-famous（世界知名的），honeymoon（蜜月），handbook（手册）等。

还有一种构词法就是词性转化，就是一种词性转化为另一种词性的用法，如nurse由名词“护士”的意思转化为动词“看护”（如mother nursed me when i was ill.）；再如frequent由形容词“经常的，频繁的”转化为动词“常去”，“时常出入”的意思（如store managers are often the last to hear complaints， and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors...）所以，构词法的内容是比较丰富的，而如果说对此有一定的了解和积累的话，就肯定会帮助考生在平时的阅读或做阅读理解的时候碰到生词时起到一定的辅助作用甚至主要作用。

2.语境法即通过上下文语境来猜测词义的方法。

常用的语境法有：定义法、举例法、对比法、相似法、因果法和常识法。

（1）定义法：通过给单词进行直接的释义或解释的方法。

此方法容易操作，一看完句子就可知道生词的意思，通常可以通过定语从句、同为语从句或者一些暗示性的词或短语，如be defined as， be known as， that is to say， namely， or等。

如：a calendar is a list of the days， weeks， months of a particular year.（看完此句就知道斜体词意思是“日历”。

）it will be very hard but very brittle — that is， it will break easily.（通过that is后面的定义解释，就知道斜体词指“易碎的”。

）（2）举例法：通过后半句所举的例子引出所要猜测的词义。

此时的信号词或短语有for example， such as， for instance等。

如：today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances， for instance， washing machines， refrigerators and color televisions. （通过for instance后面所列举的例子可知斜体词指“家用电器”。

）on the farm they mainly raise poultry， such as chickens，ducks and geese， for their eggs and meat. （通过such as后面的例子可知斜体词指“家禽”。

）some family names were made by adding something to the father’s name. english-speaking people added -s or -son. the johnsons are descendants of john； the roberst family’s ancestor was robert. irish and scottish people added mac or mc or o. perhaps all of the macdonnells and the mcdonnellls and the o’donnells are descendants of the same donnell. （2010 江苏）a. later generationsb. friends and relativesc. colleagues and partnersd. late sponsors在这个考题中，第一句第二句是作者表达的观点，而斜体字所在的第三句则是作者为了验证自己的观点而举的例子，所以不难猜测，斜体词指“后代”。

（3）对比法就是利用前后的对比关系来猜测词义。

这时要关注一些表示对比转折含义的词或短语，如：however，on the contrary，nevertheless，otherwise等。

例如：most of us agreed， however， bill dissented. （这里通过however的转折含义，可知斜体词与agree意思相反，表示“反对”。

）she is usually prompt for all her classes， but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. （根据but后面的意思可知他今天来晚了，说明平时市准时的，所以斜体词表示“准时”。

）recycling in the home is very important of course. however，being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. we are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible， but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place. （2010 山东）a. using too much packaging.b. recycling too many wastes.c. making more products than necessaryd. having more material than is needed（通过此举后半部分but后面的内容可知“如果我们不把太多的材料带回家就不可能造成前面的后果”，那么斜体词是指“过度消费”，选d。

）（4）相似法通过前后句之间类似的表达法推断生词的意思。

此时的信号词有：or，namely，that is to say，in other words等。

例如：the new tax law supersedes，or replaces， the law that was in effect last year. （根据此举后面的“or replace”，可知斜体词指“代替”。

）in many nations there are two financial extremes，from penury to great wealth. （根据前半句的意思可知斜体词和后面的“great wealth”是指“two financial extremes”，所以斜体词的意思是“非常贫穷”。

）your reservation is absolutely secure. all personal data is encrypted and will only be used to process your booking. for more information， read our privacy statement. booking. com will not charge you any reservation fees for making this booking. （2011 江苏南通二模）a. analyzedb. storedc. collectedd. protected（根据前一句的“secure”和此句中后面的“will only be used to process your booking”可知斜体词的意思，选d。

）（5）因果法根据前后的因果关系来推断生词的意思。

此时的信号词有：because，so，therefore，as a result/consequence，so/such ...that...例如：that museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. （根据句中的“so...that...”可知斜体词指“巨大的”。

）one who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing. （根据“has a great need for food and clothing”可知，斜体词指“非常贫穷”，因为对于一般人来说，吃的和穿的都是最基本的生活需求。

）“they wanted a sterile （消毒了的） environment，” theodore said，“they should have rented a room in a hospital， maybe an operating room. this hotel is clean， but it isn’t that clean”...when theodore asked the couple what the problem was，they said that their bedding was filthy and they wanted it replaced. the couple could not identify any specific “filth”on the bedding. the wife just said，“we’re paying good moneyto stay here. how dare you doubt us？”“we know the filth is there. that’s all the proof you need.”（2010南京二模）a. clean b. dirty c. smelly d. old（根据“they wanted a sterile environment”和“this hotel is clean， but it isn’t that clean”可知，这对夫妇很爱干净，而斜体词所在的句中后面又写道“they wanted it replaced”可知，斜体词指“脏的”，所以选b。