Ei匸启德教盲窗事駅务出同培血启德教育TOEFL入学程度测试卷学员姓名学员年龄测试老师测试时间测试成绩建议班级一、阅读部分（20 '）Types of Social GroupsLife places us in a complex web of relati on ships with other people. Our huma nn essarises out of these relati on ships in the course of social in teracti on Moreover, our huma nn ess must be susta ined through social in teraction— and fairly con sta ntly so. Whe n an associati on con ti nues long eno ugh for two people to become lin ked together by a relatively stable set of expectati on s, it is called a relati on ship.People are bound with in relati on ships by two types of bon ds: expressive ties and in strume ntal ties. Expressive ties are social li nks formed whe n we emoti on ally in vest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through associati on with people who are meanin gful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, accepta nee, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasi on ally, this may mea n worki ng with in stead of aga inst competitors. More ofte n, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without en dow ing the relati on ship with any larger sig nifica nee.Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to disti nguish betwee n two types of groups: primary and sec on dary. A primary group invoIves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relatio nship with one ano ther. Expressive ties predo min ate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A sec on dary group en tails two or more people who are invo Ived in an impers onal relati on ship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predo min ate in sec on dary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather tha n as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relati on ships evolve out of sec on dary group relati on ships. This happe ns in many work sett in gs. People on the job ofte n develop close relati on ships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfact ions.A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is importa nt. We find it difficult to get to know people pers on ally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better cha nee to in itiate con tact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face con tact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talki ng with one ano ther in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle excha nge of ideas and feeli ngs. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds in creases as we have freque nt and con ti nu ous con tact. Our ties with people ofte n deepe n as we in teract with themacross time and gradually evolve in terlock ing habits and in terests.Primary groups are fun dame ntal to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breed ing grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they tran smit, mediate, and in terpret a society's cultural patter ns and provide the sense of onen ess so critical for social solidarity.Second, primary groups are fun dame ntal because they provide the sett ings in which we meet most of our pers onal n eeds. Withi n them, we experie nee compa nion ship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.Third, primary groups are fun dame ntal because they serve as powerful in strume nts for social con trol. Their members comma nd and dispe nse many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instanee, some social groups employ shunning (a pers on can rema in in the com mun ity, but others are forbidde n to in teract with the pers on) as a device to bring in to line in dividuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that con forms to group-devised meanin gs. Primary groups, the n, serve both as carriers of social norms and as en forcers of them.Paragraph 1 Life places us in a complex web of relati on ships with other people. Our huma nn essarises out of these relati on ships in the course of social in teract ion Moreover, our huma nn ess must be susta ined through social in teraction— and fairly con sta ntly so. Whe n an associati oncon ti nues long eno ugh for two people to become lin ked together by a relatively stable set of expectati on s, it is called a relati on ship.1. The word complex in the passage is closest in meaning toO delicate□elaborateO privateO common / \2. Accord ing to paragraph 1, which of the followi ng is true of a relati on ship?O lt is a structure of associati ons with many people. \O lt should be studied in the course of a social in teracti on.O It places great dema nds on people.O It develops gradually overtime.Paragraph2：People are bound withi n relati on ships by two types of bon ds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emoti on ally inv est ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through associationwith people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, accepta nee, compa nion ship, and pers onal worth. In strume ntal ties are social li nks formed whe n we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasi on ally, this may mea n worki ng with in stead of aga inst competitors. More ofte n, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without en dow ing the relati on ship with any larger sig nifica nee.3. The word endowing in the passage is closest in meaning toO leav ingO expos ing C providi ng C un dersta nding4. Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's men ti on of work ing with competitors in paragraph 2?O lnstrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would no rmally not cooperate.O ln strume ntal ties require as much emoti onal in vestme nt as expressive ties.O ln strume ntal ties invo Ive security, love, and accepta nee.O ln strume ntal ties should be expected to be sig ni fica nt.Paragraph 3 Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and in strume ntal ties to dist in guish betwee n two types of groups: primary and sec on dary.A primary group invoIves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relati on ship with one ano ther. Expressive ties predo min ate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A sec on dary group en tails two or more people who are invo Ived in an impers onal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predo min ate in sec on dary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather tha n as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relati on ships evolve out of sec on dary group relati on ships. This happe ns in many work sett in gs. People on the job ofte n develop close relati on ships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfact ions.5. Accord ing to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the mai n differe nee betwee n primary and sec on dary groups?O Primary groups con sist of people work ing together, while sec on dary groups exist outside of work sett in gs.O ln primary groups people are see n as means, while in sec on dary groups people are see n as en ds.O Primary groups invo Ive pers onal relati on ships, while sec on dary groups are mai nly practical in purpose.O Primary groups are gen erally small, while sec on dary groups ofte n con ta in more tha n two people.6. Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph3 that primary group relati on ships sometimes evolve out of sec on dary group relati on ships?O Sec on dary group relati on ships begi n by being primary group relati on ships.O A sec on dary group relati on ship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relatio nship.O Sociologists believe that only primary group relati on ships are importa nt tosociety.O Eve n in sec on dary groups, freque nt com muni cati on serves to bring people into close relati on ships.Paragraph 4 A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people pers on ally whe n they are milli ng about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better cha nce to in itiate con tact and establish rapport with them. Sec ond, face-to-face con tact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talk ing with one ano ther in closephysical proximity makes possible a subtle excha nge of ideas andfeelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds in creasesas we have freque nt and continu ous con tact. Our ties with people ofte n deepe n as we in teract with them across time and gradually evolve in terlock ing habits and in terests.7. The phrase size up in the passage is closest in meaning toO enl argeD evaluateO impressO acceptParagraph 5 Primary groups are fun dame ntal to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socializati on process. Within them, infants and childre n are in troduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breed ing grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists viewprimary_groups_as_bridges_betwee n_i ndividuals_and_the_larger_society_because_they tran smit, mediate, and in terpret a society's cultural patter ns and provide the sense of onen ess so critical for social solidarity.8. Which of the senten ces below best expresses the esse ntial in formatio n in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices cha nge the meaning in importa nt ways or leave out esse ntial in formati on.O Sociologists think that cultural patter ns establish conn ecti ons betwee n the in dividual and the larger society.O Sociologists believe that in dividuals with a sense of onen ess bridge the gap betwee n society and primary groups.O Sociologists thi nk primary groups con tribute to social solidarity because they help main ta in a society's cultural patter ns.O Sociologists believe that the cultural patter ns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.9. This passage is developed primarily byO drawi ng comparis ons betwee n theory and practiceC prese nti ng two oppos ing theoriesO defi ning importa nt con cepts and providi ng examples of themO discuss ing causes and their effectsParagraph 7：Third, primary groups are fun dame ntal because they serve as powerful in strume nts for social con trol. Their members comma nd and dispe nsemany of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For in sta nee, some social groups employ shu nning (a pers on can rema in in the com mun ity, but others are forbidde n to in teract with the pers on) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that con forms to group-devised meanin gs. Primary groups, the n, serve both as carriers of social norms and as en forcers of them.10. The word deviate in the passage is closest in meaning toO detractO adva nee O select O depart11. Accord ing to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning? O To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group O To discourageoffending in dividuals from rema ining in the groupO To comme nd and reward the behavior of the other members of the group O To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the n ext gen erati on?Paragraph 6 Second, primary groups are fun dame ntal because they provide the sett ings in which we meet most of our pers onal n eedsl^ithi n them, we experie nee companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. B^ot surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. H z or example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record ■12. Look at the four squares [ ■ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies tha n people who live by themselves.Where would the sentence best fit?13. Directions : Complete the table below by selecting three answer choices thatare characteristics of primary groups and two an swer choices that are characteristics of sec on dary groups.This questi on is worth 3 poin ts.Primary GroupsSecon dary GroupsAn swer ChoicesO Develop ing socially acceptable behaviorC Work ing together aga inst competitorsO Experie ncing pressure from outside forcesC View ing people as a means to an endO Existi ng for practical purposesO Providi ng meaning for life situati onsO Inv olvi ng close relatio nships二、听力部分(10')1 What is the mai n purpose of the lecture?A To in troduce a method that can help stude nts remember new in formatio nB To introduce a way to study how information passes from one person to anotherC To explain the differences between biological information and cultural in formatio nD To explain the differences between stories, songs, and other pieces of in formatio n2 Why does the professor tell the story about alligators?A To explai n the differe nee betwee n true and false storiesB To draw an an alogy betwee n alligator reproducti on and cultural tran smissi onC To give an example of a piece of in formati on that functions as a memeD To show how a story can gradually cha nge into a song3 Accord ing to the professor, which of the followi ng are examples of meme tran sfer? (2 an swers)A Telling familiar storiesB Shari ng feeli ngsC Compos ing orig inal musicD Lear ning a scie ntific theory4 What example does the professor give of a meme ' s Iongevity?A A story has bee n cha nging since it first appeared in the 1930s.B A pers on remembers a story for many years.C A gene is passed on through many gen erati ons without cha nging.D A song quickly becomes popular all over the world.5 What does the professor compare to a housefly lay ing many eggs?A A child lear ning many differe nt ideas from his or her pare ntsB Alligators reproduci ng in New York sewersC Differe nee people rememberi ng differe nt versi ons of a storyD A person singing the “ Twinkle, twinkle ” song many times6 (liste n aga in) Why does the professor say this?A To expla in why some memes do not cha nge muchB To ask the stude nts for their opinion about songs as memesC To ack no wledge a problem with the meme theoryD To ask the stude nts to test an idea about memes三、写作部分WRITING TASKYou should spe nd about 40 minu tes on this task.Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the followi ng topic.In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this ascompletely wrong, while others con sider it as valuable work experie nee, importa nt for lear ning and tak ing resp on sibility.What are your opinions on this?You should use your own ideas, kno wledge and experie nee and support your argume nts with examples and releva nt evide nee.You should write at least 250 words.百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我四、口语部分（准备时间15秒，答题时间45秒）Some universities require first-year students to live in dormitories on campus. Others allow students to live off campus. Which policy do you think is better for first-year stude nts and why? In clude details and examples in your expla nati on.-9 -- 10 -。