二。不定式、过去分词的基本用法



时态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 完成式to have done to have been done 否定形式 not to do , not done



概念 infinitive 无限的可能 因为他与v-ing, v-ed不能独立地充当谓语，不 受主语的人称和数的限定。 没听说过： to do the job. waiting man. waited man 这类不叫橘子。
考点 1 非谓语动词

动名词、分词、不定式 考点： 不定式、动名词和分词在用法上的区别 不定式和动名词的时态和语态 介词加动名词
Ing form 术语


动词以ing结尾，有时形式叫a) 现在分 词，有时叫b)动名词，判断依据是它们 更象动词或是形容词，若是则为现在分 词，若是名词，则是(b) I sat there wondering what to do . hiking on the mountain is good for you.



not to do :would you please not to touch this ? No 动名词： No smoking, No parking Not doing现在分词: not being able to not 过去分词： not done the time is not adjusted.
动名词的和现在分词的时态、语态

时态、语态 一般式
主动 doing
被动 being done

完成式 having done having been d.


举例： He can’t understand his being rejected. 他难以理解被拒绝的原因。
与现在分词的区别特征：
过去分词

时态语态 一般式 完成式
主动 被动 done been done had done had been done
动名词


时态.语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having don having been done 现在分词相同
动词不定式的否定形式



7.介词（in,on, at,about, after, against, around, before,between, by ,down, during, for, from, of, off, to ,under, up, with及固定搭配) 8.反义疑问句，do,don’t/will,won’t you 9.独立主格(名词-不定式，介词短语） 10.情态动词（推测、义务；can could,may might)

当let make, 使役动词，看听想类动词 的宾语做主语时，宾补加to He was made to cry. she was seen to lie. Children were watched to cry. 看到它们，在c/D有to 而无to的方错。
He began by showing us where the country was and went on ______ us about its climate. A. telling B. to tell C. to telling D. to be told.


而只能； to do the job. waiting man. waited man 这类不叫橘子。 He wants to do the job. He is a waiting man.
动词不定式的特点




要想起到作用，必须得找助动词构成” 体的特点,如完成体，have written，进行 体 to be writing, 态的概念： to be written To have been written 被动语态 而没有“时” 的概念，不能说to did , to will did, 时间的概念必须有谓语动词 来表现，如 I am to , she was to , I will be doing.
动名词更像名词，分词像形容词


2） 动名词放在物主代词my, your和所有格名 词’s 的后面，现在分词则不能。 He denied having been bullied. 他否认被虐待。 His having been rejected is ridiculous . 他被拒绝的理由很荒唐。 Do you mind my making a proposal? 你介意我提个建议吗？
V-ing和to do 的区别


感官动词see, look, watch, hear, listen to 使役动词 make, help, offer, let, force 现在分词表示目睹、听说时的状态。 不定式表示动作全程。 I heard boy cry.一直都哭个不停。 I heard boy crying when I came in. 我进门时看到孩子在哭。

*不定式的进行式

It is nice to be sitting here with you. I will be waiting for him. 在谈论的时间正在做的事情，或将来肯 定会做的事情。
* 不定式的完成式



to _ 现在完成时 she said she was sorry to have missed you. 他说没看到你很遗憾。 I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot. 我打算打电话的，但忘了。


考点



I want my car repairing. Wrong I want my car to be repaired. (correct) I want my car repaired.（correct) 看宾语是人还是物， The dog needs washing. 看主语是动作的承受者还是发出者。
一个动词后面紧接着跟一个动词很常见， 如果我们谈论对于某个行动的态度，先 是心理动作的动词，表示心理活动（想、 享受，期待，认为，希望，打算） ，然 后用动作加以说明怎么实现这一动作达 到目的.
区别ving ,to do 心理感觉后 v-ing


当某种动作纯粹是心理活动或感觉，以 及心理活动所触发的，它没有具体的成 形的安排，只是泛泛的谈某种概念，那 么动词后就是跟动名词做宾语。 I enjoy playing cards. I dislike waiting for people, even 1 minute. 我不喜欢等人，哪怕一分钟。
分词表正在，-相对ed表完成、被动



分词和时间/动作有关，修饰正在进行动作的 名词或主语的相关动作，而动名词是超越时空 的。 There is no Parking room here. A parking car with a green-hand driver held up the whole traffic of the there. 菜鸟司机正在停车让交通混乱。 A wrongly parked car held up traffic. 烂停的汽车阻碍了交通。动作完成。
语法考点




11.倍数和分数 （X times as big as/x times bigger than, is the same size of / x times as much for) 12. 强调句( it is 被强调部分that) 13.主谓一致（what 主补复,whether, both;不 定代词单数；单数表复数概念police） 14.被动语态（感官动词被动后加to) 15. 形式主语(it is 形容词、名词for 宾人to do 16.系动词（turn, grow, taste, fall,sound 后形 容词，be,become名词）
完成式在seem, appear


He seems to have been sitting here all day. 他似乎在那里坐了一整天。
动词不定式的被动式

She ought to be told about it .
常考： 主动的应变为被动没有变。 被动的应变为主动而没有变。 I didn’t expect to invite. -=wrong I didn’t expect be invited.
考点


动名词和不定式的区别 看到 停止、记得、忘记、不喜欢、继续、 打算、尝试。意思不一样 Stop , remember, forget, continue, keep on, go on, attempt 动名词表概念，不定式表另一未完成的 动作。


stop doing 停下手工活 Stop to do 干新活 remember doing 记得做完事 Remember to do 记得去做事 forget doing 忘记已完成 forget to do 忘记没去做
4）共性：动名词/现在分词复合句中都 可做句子状语



因为有形容词的性质，所以才有责任。 Having learnt the news, they rushed to the scene to make live report. 听到消息后，他们赶赴现场做直播。 after learning the news, … 原因： 分词侧重动作先后，动名词侧重 事件先后，都表先后，所以都能做状语。