Unit 1 My father's shadowres•on•ate verb[V](formal)1(of a voice, an instrument, etc.)to make a deep, clear sound that continues for a long time:Her voice resonated through the theatre.2~ (with sth) (of a place)to be filled with sound; to make a sound continue longer RESOUND:a resonating chamber The room resonated with the chatter of 100 people.3~ (with sb/sth) to remind sb of sth; to be similar to what sb thinks or believes:These issues resonated with the voters.His speech resonated with the fears and suspicions of his audience.resonate with sth(literary)to be full of a particular quality or feeling:She makes a simple story resonate with complex themes and emotions. gre•gari•ous adj.1liking to be with other people SOCIABLE:She’s very outgoing and gregarious.2(biology) (of animals or birds)living in groupsgre•gari•ous•ly adv. gre•gari•ous•ness noun [U]prod•igal adj. (formal,disapproving)too willing to spend money or waste time, energy or materials EXTRA V AGANT:a prodigal administrationprod•ig•al•ity /prd lti; NAmE pr d/ noun [U]:They criticized the prodigality of the administration.the / a prodigal (son) a person who leaves home and wastes their money and time on a life of pleasure, but who later is sorry about this and returns homehazel /he zl/ noun, adj.noun [C, U]a small tree that produces small nuts (called hazelnuts) that can be eaten adj. (of eyes)greenish-brown or reddish-brown in coloursquall /skwl/ noun, verbnoun a sudden strong and violent wind, often during rain or snow storms:A sudden vicious squall knocked her to the ground.verb[V](usually used in the progressive tenses) (disapproving)to cry very loudly and noisily:squalling kids The baby was squalling in its crib.re•tire /r ta(r)/ verbFROM JOB1~ (from sth)|~ (as sth) to stop doing your job, especially because you have reached a particular age or because you are ill/sick; to tell sb they must stop doing their job:[V]She was forced to retire early from teaching because of ill health.He is retiring next year after 30 years with the company.My dream is to retire to a villa in France.He has no plans to retire as editor of the magazine.The company’s official retiring age is 65.[VN]She was retired on medical grounds.IN SPORT2~ (from sth)to stop competing during a game, race, etc., usually because you are injured:[V]She fell badly, spraining her ankle, and had to retire.[V-ADJ]He retired hurt in the first five minutes of the game.FROM / TO A PLACE3(formal)to leave a place, especially to go somewhere quieter or more private:The jury retired to consider the evidence.After dinner he likes to retire to his study.OF ARMY4[V](formal)to move back from a battle in order to organize your soldiers in a different wayGO TO BED5[V](literary)to go to bed:I retired late that evening.IN BASEBALL6[VN]to make a player or team have to stop their turn at BA TTING:He retired twelve batters in a rowfret•ful /fretfl/ adj.behaving in a way that shows you are unhappy or uncomfortable RESTLESS:Babies soon become fretful when they are tired or hungry.fret•ful•ly adv.:‘How much longer do we have to wait?’ she asked fretfully.gur•gle /l; NAmE rl/ verb, nounverb[V]1to make a sound like water flowing quickly through a narrow space:Water gurgled through the pipes.The water made a gurgling noise as it ran down the drain.a gurgling stream2if a baby gurgles, it makes a noise in its throat when it is happy:The baby gurgled happily.She gurgled with laughter.noun1a sound like water flowing quickly through a narrow space2the sound that babies make in the throat, especially when they are happy:The baby gave a little gurgle of laughter.churn /t n; NAmE t rn/ verb, nounverb1~ (sth) (up) if water, mud, etc. churns, or if sth churns it (up), it moves or is moved around violently:[V]The water churned beneath the huge ship.[VN]Vast crowds had churned the field into a sea of mud.2if your stomach churns or if sth churns your stomach, you feel a strong, unpleasant feeling of worry, disgust or fear:[V]My stomach churned as the names were read out. [also VN]3~ (sb) (up)to feel or to make sb feel upset or emotionally confused:[V]Conflicting emotions churned inside him. [also VN]4[VN]to turn and stir milk in a special container in order to make butterchurn sthout (informal,oftendisapproving)to produce sth quickly and in large amounts:She churns out novels at the rate of three a year.noun1a machine in which milk or cream is shaken to make butter2(BrE)a large metal container in which milk was carried from a farm in the pasttummy/t mi/ noun (pl.-ies) (informal) (used especially by children or when speaking to children)the stomach or the area around the stomach:Mum, my tummy hurts.to have (a) tummy ache a tummy bug / upset (= an illness when you feel sick or VOMIT)There’s a baby growing in your mummy’s tummy.croon /krun/ verbto sing sth quietly and gently:[VN]She gently crooned a lullaby. Bobby Darren was crooning ‘Dream Lover’. [also V]spell /spel/ verb, nounverb (spelt,spelt /spelt/ or spelled,spelled)1[VN]to say or write the letters of a word in the correct order:How do you spell your surname?I thought her name was Catherine, but it’s Kathryn spelt with a ‘K’.2to form words correctly from individual letters:[V]I’ve never been able to spell. [VN-ADJ]You’ve spelt my name wrong.—see also MISSPELL3[VN](of letters of a word)to form words when they are put together in a particular order:C—A—T spells ‘cat’.4[VN]~ sth (for sb/sth) to have sth, usually sth bad, as a result; to mean sth, usually sth bad:The crop failure spelt disaster for many farmers.This defeat spelt the end of his hopes of winning the title again.5[VN](NAmE,informal)to replace for a short time sb who is doing a particular activity so that they can rest:Carter will be here in an hour to spell you.spell sthout1to explain sth in a simple, clear way:You know what I mean—I’m sure I don’t need to spell it out.[+ wh-] Let me spell out why we need more money.2to say or write the letters of a word in the right order:Could you spell that name out again?noun1[C]a short period of time during which sth lasts:a spell of warm weather a cold / hot / wet / bright, etc. spell There will be rain at first, with sunny spells later.She went to the doctor complaining of dizzy spells.2[C]a period of time doing sth or working somewhere:She had a spell as a singer before becoming an actress.I spent a brief spell on the Washington Post.3[C]words that are thought to have magic power or to make a piece of magic work; a piece of magic that happens when sb says these magic words:a magic spell a book of spells The wizard recited a spell.to cast / put a spell on sb to be under a spell (= affected by magic)4[sing.]a quality that a person or thing has that makes them so attractive or interestingthat they have a strong influence on you CHARM:I completely fell under her spell. It was a magic night until the spell was broken.Since last century the spell of the pyramids has drawn tourists to Egypt. see WEA VE v.scrap /skrp/ noun, verbnoun1[C]a small piece of sth, especially paper, cloth, etc.:She scribbled his phone number on a scrap of paper.(figurative)scraps of information(figurative)She was just a scrap of a thing (= small and thin).2[sing.] (usually with a negative)a small amount of sth BIT:It won’t m ake a scrap of difference.There’s not a scrap of evidence to support his claim. a barren landscape without a scrap of vegetation3scraps [pl.]food left after a meal:Give the scraps to the dog.4[U]things that are not wanted or cannot be used for their original purpose, but which have some value for the material they are made of:We sold the car for scrap (= so that any good parts can be used again).scrap metal a scrap dealer (= a person who buys and sells scrap)5(informal)a short fight or disagreement SQUABBLE,SCUFFLE:He was always getting into scraps at school.—see also SCRAPPYverb (-pp-)1[VN][often passive]to cancel or get rid of sth that is no longer practical or useful:They had been forced to scrap plans for a new school building.The oldest of the aircraft were scrapped.2[V](informal)to fight with sb:The bigger boys started scrapping.lum•ber /lmb(r)/ noun, verbnoun [U]1(especially NAmE) =TIMBER:a lumber mill2(BrE)pieces of furniture, and other large objects that you do not use any more:a lumber room (= for storing lumber in)verb1[V + adv. /prep.]to move in a slow, heavy and awkward way:A family of elephants lumbered by.The huge convoy of trucks lumbered out of the city.2[VN][usually passive]~ sb (with sb/sth) (informal)to give sb a responsibility, etc., that they do not want and that they cannot get rid of:When our parents went out, my sister got lumbered with me for the evening.She might say ‘Yes’. Then you’d be lumbered.trail /tre l/ noun, verbnoun1a long line or series of marks that is left by sb/sth:a trail of blood tourists who leave a trail of litter everywhere they go The hurricane left a trail of destruction behind it. 2a track, sign or smell that is left behind and that can be followed, especially in hunting:The hounds were following the fox’s trail.The police are still on the trail of the escaped prisoner.Fortunately the trail was still warm(= clear and easy to follow).The trail had gone cold.3a path through the countryside:a trail through the forest—see also NATURE TRAIL4a route that is followed for a particular purpose:a tourist trail (= of famous buildings) politicians on the campaign trail(= travelling around to attract support)see BLAZE v.,HIT v.,HOT adj.verb1to pull sth behind sb/sth, usually along the ground; to be pulled along in this way:[VN]A jeep trailing a cloud of dust was speeding in my direction.I trailed my hand in the water as the boat moved along.[V, usually+ adv. /prep.]The bride’s dress trailed behind her.2[V + adv. /prep.]to walk slowly because you are tired or bored, especially behind sb else:The kids trailed around after us while we shopped for clothes.3~ (by / in sth) (used especially in the progressive tenses)to be losing a game or other contest:[V]United were trailing 2-0 at half-time.We were trailing by five points.This country is still trailing badly in scientific research.[VN]The Conservatives are trailing Labour in the opinion polls.4[VN]to follow sb/sth by looking for signs that show you where they have been:The police trailed Dale for days.We could smell the scent of a fox as we trailed paw marks through the wood.5[V](especially of plants)to grow or hang downwards over sth or along the ground:trailing plants Computer wires were trailing all over the floor.trail away / off(of sb’s spee ch)to become gradually quieter and then stop:His voice trailed away to nothing.[+ speech] ‘I only hope ... ’, she trailed off.。