law of segregation [,segri'geiʃən] 分离定律
When gametes are formed by a diploid organism, the alleles that control a trait separate from one another into different gametes, retaining their individuality.
them have in the homozygous state. condition 情况，条件 heterozygote [hetərəu‘zaiɡəut] 杂合体 在同源染色体的某一特定基因位点上有不同的等位基因的有机体.
law of independent assortment
[ə'sɔ:tmənt] 独立分配定律, 自由组合定律
gamete [‘ɡæmi:t] 配子 trait 特性 individuality [,ində,vidʒu:‘æliti:] 个体性 孟德尔法则：格雷戈· 孟德尔所创的两个遗传定律之一，认为 一对异体同形的染色体的各部分在减数分裂期间会相互分离，
然后被分配到不同的配子体中。
nondisjunction [‘nɔndis’dʒʌŋkʃən] 不分离
Members of one gene pair will separate from each other
independently of the members of other gene pairs.
separate from 分开 independently of 独立于
孟德尔法则：两条定律的第二条，认为每对染色体的各部分在 减数分裂时都独立于其他染色体对的各部分而分离，以致于载 有不同染色体的等位基因被随便地分配到配子体中。
A cross between individuals that differ with respect to two specified gene pairs.
differ with 与...不一致 specified 指定的 respect 关系
dominant ['dɔminənt] 显性
The member of a pair of alleles that shows its effect in
incomplete dominance [, inkəm'pli:t 'dɔmənəns] 不完全显性
The condition in which two allelic genes have a different effect when
they are together as a heterozygote in a diploid cell than either of
能够理解课文中语句的意思，了解其生物
学含义。
Glossary
allele [ə'li:l] 等位基因
等位基因：位于同源染色体上同一位置，控制相对 性状的不同形态的基因。
earlobe [‘iə,ləʊb] 耳垂 alternative [ɔ:l‘tə:nətiv] 选择性的, 二中择一的
dihybrid cross [dai‘haibrid]双因子杂种杂交
heredity [hə‘redɪti:] 遗传 nucleotide ['nu:kli:ə,taɪd] 核苷酸
genotype ['dʒenətaip] 遗传型, 基因型
The catalog of genes of an organism, whether or not these genes are expressed.
catalog [‘kætəlɔɡ] 目录 whether or noty 种质学说
A substance thought to be transmitted in the gametes (germ cells) in an unchanged form from generation to generation. The germ plasm was believed to be unaffected by the environment and to give rise to the body cells.
the phenotype whatever other allele is present.
phenotype [‘fi:nətaip] 显型, 表现型
gene [dʒi:n] 基因
A unit of heredity located on a chromosome and composed a sequence of DNA nucleotides.
The answer for reading comprehension in Lesson three
1. C; 2. B; 3. D; 4. B; 5. A; 6. D
Lesson four Foundations of genetics
基本要求
掌握了解遗传学的发展历程，掌握孟德尔
遗传学的建立及经典实验。相关英语词汇 及主要用法；
gamete [‘ɡæmi:t] 配子 germ cell 生殖细胞 germ plasm 种质,生殖细胞的细胞质,遗传物质,基因 give rise to 产生
heterozygous [,hetərəu'zaiɡəs] 杂合的
A diploid organism that has two different allelic forms of a particular gene.
particular 特殊的, 特别的 allelic 等位基因的
homozygous [,hɔmə'zaiɡəus] 纯合的
A diploid organism that has two identical alleles for particular characteristic.
identical 同一的, 同样的
The failure of separation of paired chromosomes at metaphase, resulting in one daughter cell receiving both and the other daughter cell none of the chromosomes in question. Nondisjunction can occur during a meiotic or mitotic division.