G o o d b e g i n n i n g i s h a l f d o n e!初高中英语衔接课：弄懂基本概念,了解句子基本句子结构句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分◆◆◆句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。

句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

◆◆◆：句子成分：☆☆☆：（一）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。

但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。

例如：划出下列句子中的主语:Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbeco memoreandmorepopular.（名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnot beendecided.（主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）总结：主语通常可由什么充当:______;_______;________;________;_____ _____;_________;__________;___________.☆☆☆：（二）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。

动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。

谓语的构成如下：划出句子中的谓语部分:1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。

如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughta badcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。

如：Wearestudents. Weappreciatewhatyouhavedoneforus. Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Mr.Brownisanexcellentengineer. Thesituationseemsquitenormalinmyopinion. ShehasbeenstudyingEnglishforscoresofyears. Weshouldbemodestandhonest.可见谓语是由________构成.或_________构成.☆☆☆（三）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。

表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。

划出句中表语：例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）可见表语是由______;_________;__________;___________;_ __________;___________;_____________;___ _________;____________充当。

☆☆☆（四）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

划出句中的宾语：例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtosch oolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyester day.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）IthinkitinterestingtolearnEnglish.(it做形式宾语) 宾语通常由________;_______;_________;___________;__ _________;_______充当。

宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.☆☆☆（五）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。

带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。

宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。

划出下列句中的宾语补足语:例如：HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Youmustn’tforcehim tolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）可见宾语补足语通常由_______;________;__________;_________;___ _____;__________;____________充当.☆☆☆（六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。

一个句子做定语就叫做定语从句.一般情况下,单个的词做定语修饰名词放于名词前,短语或句子做定语修饰名词放于名词后.定语可由以下等成分表示：划出下列句中的定语.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadeve lopedcountry.（分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名词）HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassro om.（不定式短语）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworked out.（动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglis h.（介词短语）可见定语通常由_________;_______;_________;_________;___ _______;____________;__________充当.☆☆☆（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作程度,方向或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。

可由以下形式表示：划出下列句中的状语.Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentran ceexamination.（不定式短语）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语）Waitaminute.（名词）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）(状语从句和主句之间通常有连词,表示两个句子个关系.连词起连接的作用和表示主从句的关系.)状语种类如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedanceparty becaus eoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothere ifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkha rder.（目的状语）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）总结：哪些词或短语或句子可以做状语_________;________;__________;__________; __________;__________;通常状语可以表示句子动作发生的_________;_________;_________;_________;_ _________;__________;______________.巩固练习（一）一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（—）、谓语（＝）、宾语（～）：Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.Right nowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDad onthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itistheti meofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfro mdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafter darkbythelightsofourtractors.Wegrowriceintheso uthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscolderthey growwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Al thoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenwor kingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest .Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoes n'toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehaveto waterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepump waterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodiffer entpartsofthegarden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（—）、状语（＝）、补语（～）：MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy. Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It'sgreat!Amer icanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Some ofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon't,becauseIhavetodriv ehomeaftertheparty.Inyourletteryouaskedaboutth etimeindifferentareasoftheStates.Therearefivedif ferenttimeareasintheStates.Inmystatewearefourte enhoursbehindBeijingtime.Howmanydifferentti meareasdoyouhaveinChina?Well,Imuststopandg etsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourpare nts.四、选择填空：()1.____willleaveforBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather____.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold ()3.Theappletasted____.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.telytetesttter()5.Theactor______attheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.deaded()6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldst optotakearest.A.We,us,weC.We,ourD.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis()9.Thedog____mad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked ()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthea rmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where二、简单句、并列句和复合句◆◆◆：（一）句子种类两种分类法☆☆☆1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’t she?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!☆☆☆2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。