句子成分：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语一、主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and morepopular.（名词）We ofte n speak En glish in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式短语）Smoki ng does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign Ianguage. （it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）It is reported that 5000 people were killed in the earthquake. （it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的主语从句）二、谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下：He practices running every morni ng. （动词或动词短语）You may keep the book for two weeks. （情态动词+V 原）He has caught a bad cold. （助动词+V）We are stude nts.（系动词+ 表语）三、表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
例如：Our teacher of En glish is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seve n is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby （爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The mach ine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（畐寸词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）四、宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain preve nted me from coming to school on time.（代词）How many dict ion aries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think （that） he is not suitable for this post.（宾语从句）Lend me（间接宾语）your dictionary（直接宾语）,please. （双宾语）They elected him（宾语）their monitor（宾补）. （复合宾语）五、宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。
带有宾语补足语的一般是某些及物动词（如see /watch/ observe/ no tice/ hear/ feel/ make/ find/ n ame/ call/ elect/ have/ get /leave/ keep等+宾语+宾补）和with+宾语+宾补。
宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
His father n amed him Dongming.（名词）They pain ted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（畐寸词）You must n't force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）I have to have my hair cut. （过去分词）We found everyth ing in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）六、定语：修饰名词或代词。
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）Chi na is a developing coun try; America is a developed cou ntry.（分词）There are thirty wome n teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in En glish made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to get to the school.（不定式短语）The teaching pla n for n ext term has bee n worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）The building being repaired is our library.（现在分词短语）The buildi ng completed last mon th is our library.（过去分词短语）The n ews that you told me yesterday is really excit ing. （从句）七、状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分.Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the n ati onal college entrance exam in ati on.（不定式短语）He is in the room, maki ng a model pla ne.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you beg in, you must con ti nu e.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last ni ght she did n't go to the dance party because of the rain.（—原因状语）I shall go there if it does n't rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictio nary in her han d.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）八、同位语：解释说明前面另一个名词或代词I'm Li Hua, preside nt of Stude nts ' Union of our uni versity. （名词短语）Mr Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. （名词短语）We Chin ese people are brave and hardwork ing. （名词短语）The n ews that he passed the driv ing test surprised us. （从句）「不定式（do/to do ）非谓语动词< 分词（现在分词doing,过去分词done）动名词（doing）考点1非谓语动词作状语★★★★★1.不定式作状语I was satisfied to hear the news.（原因状语）To meet the movie star I got up very early.（目的状语）I rushed to school only to find nobody was there.（结果状语）不定式表结果的固定结构：only/just to. . . ; too. . . to. . . ; so/such …as to...; ...eno ugh（for sb. ）to...He was too scared to say a word.The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.I ' m not such a fool as to believe that.I was lucky eno ugh to be employed（雇佣）as a secretary（秘书）.2.分词作状语...... ）Hear ing (hear) the good n ews, he jumped with great joy.Not knowing (k now) what to do, I had to wait here.The girls came in, following (follow) their parents.The teacher came in, followed (follow) by some stude nts.Seen (see) from the hill, the city looks like a garde n.Seeing (see) from the hill, we can enjoy the view of the city.Give n (give) more atte nti on, the childre n could have grow n better. Absorbed (absorb) in reading, we all didn ' t hear the sound. Having driven (drive) all day, we were rather tired.【点津】①把握分词与句子逻辑主语之间的关系，区别现在分词与过去分词;②不定式作结果状语为主观上意想不到的结果，现在分词作结果状语为客观上、顺其自然而产生的结果；The poor old man died, leav ing no thi ng to his childre n.③准确理解形容词化的过去分词作状语的用法；④如果分词的动作和句子主语之间是主动关系，同时分词动作发生在谓语动词之前时，则用完成式having done。