第一课名词I. 名词分类:可数名词不可数名词1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。
不可数名词——数不清(没有复数)例如:drink milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridgefood rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings2、可数名词单数前面加不定冠词a(an),表示一个,有复数形式,表示复数概念,不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用,没有复数形式many“很多”+可数名词复数much“很多”/a little “一点”+不可数名词some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。
3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰不可数名词表示数量时需要用数词 +量词 +of + 名词对可数名词的数量提问用how many对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法:1) some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。
注意既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。
例:There is much water in the bottle.I'll tell you much good news.we should collect some useful information.2)用单位词表示。
用a ... of 表示。
如 a cup of (一杯......),a bottle of (一瓶......)a piece of (一张......),a pair of shoes(一双鞋)如two cups of tea(两杯茶),five pieces of paper(五张纸)注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式;千、百等数词与名词加用,表示复数时,数词仍保持单数,名词变复数。
如two hundred students(200名学生)ten thousand trees(10000棵树)考点He caught a lot of fish他抓到了许多鱼(此处为许多条鱼,fish的复数仍为fish)5、可数名词分为单数和复数。
名词单数就是该词本身,在其前面加a或an。
1)单数如a desk(一张桌子)an old desk(一张旧书桌)2)复数:要表示一个以上概念时,要用名词复数形式规则变化1)一般情况下加-s如book—books, desk—desks, cat-cats, bed-beds2)以s ,x ,ch , sh结尾加-es如box—boxes, bus—buses, brush-brushes, watch-watches注意①以th结尾加-s, month--months②stomach--stomachs3)以辅音字母+结尾,变y为i再加- es。
如city--cities(城市) country--countries(国家)注意以元音+y,直接加s。
如:day--days(天),boy--boys(男孩)4)以f或fe结尾,复数变f或fe为v再加-es如knife-knives(书) , half-halves(一半)(thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf)注意①有少数词后直接加s,如roof-roofs (屋顶)5)以o结尾(1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮)potato-potatoes(土豆)(2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s如piano-pianos (钢琴), zoo-zoos(动物园)photo-photos (照片), kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠)kilo-kilos(千克)注意zero 两种方式都可:zero-zeros或 zeroes(零)不规则变化1) 元音字母发变化。
如man--men(男人) , woman--women(妇女)tooth--teeth(牙齿) , foot--feet(脚)mouse--mice(老鼠) , policeman--policemen(警察)policewoman--policewomen(女警察)2) 词尾发生变化。
如child--children(小孩) , ox--oxen(公牛)3) 单、复数形式相同。
如fish--fish(鱼) ,sheep--sheep(绵羊) ,deer--deer(鹿) ,Chinese--Chinese(中国人) ,yuan--yuan(元) ,jinn--jinn(斤)注意不说an English,要说an Englishman.①fish作鱼肉讲时不可数,没有复数。
②fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。
4) 形似单数,实为复数意义。
如people(人,人们)these people(不说a people,可说a person)police(公安,警察)ten police(不说a police,可说a policeman)5) 由man和woman构成的合成名词,变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。
如a man driver-men drivers(男司机)a woman doctor-women doctors (女医生)6) 合成名词变为复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。
如passer-by-passers-by(过路人)bus driver-bus drivers(汽车司机)注意如果没有主体名词,就在最后一词上加-s。
如:grown-up-grown-ups(成年人)letter-box-letter-boxes (信箱)注意①hair和fruit通常作单数,表示总体。
若表示若干根头发或若干种水果,则需用这两个词的复数形式。
如would you like some more fruit? 你要不要再吃点水果?we bought a lot of fruit from the market. 我们从市场上买了许多水果,china has some good frits. 中国有一些好的水果。
(指种类)she has a few white hairs. 她有几要白头发。
his black hair is going white. 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。
注意②wind ,snow和rain这类词,有时也可以有复数形式,表示多次的风、雪或雨。
注意以boy 和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时,一般只把后一名词变成复数。
如 boy student-boy students(男学生)girlfriend--girlfriends(女朋友)7) 有些名词只有作复数。
如scissors(剪刀) a pair of scissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子); shorts(短裤); jeans(工装裤); scales(天平), sunglasses(太阳镜);名词+man(woman)构成的复合名词,其复数形式通常与简单名词一样,即把man(woman)改成men(women)。
如Englishman--Englishmen(英国人)Frenchwoman--Frenchwomen(法国妇女)注意German不是复合词,它的复数是Germans。
练习:一.写出下列名词的复数形式1. this ______2. watch______3. child ______4. photo______ 5. diary ______6. day ______7. foot ______8. dress ______9. tooth ______10. sheep ______ 11. box ______ 12. peach______ 13. sandwich ______14. man ______ 15. woman ______ 16. city ______ 17. zoo ______18. country ______ 19. mouse ______ 20. car ______ 21. fox ______22. tree ______ 23. horse ______ 24. bus ______ 25. leaf ______26. life ______ 27. thief ______ 28. book ______二.按要求填入单词的适当形式1. Two ______ live in this building. (family)2. Look at those _______. (child)3. I can see a ______ standing near the door. (policeman)4. There are some ______ on the table. (glass)5. Would you like some ______? (bread)6. I have two ______. (sister)7. I like ______. (cat)8. Do you want some ______ for supper? (potato)9. He has two ______. One is old, the other is new. (watch)10. In autumn, you can see a lot of ______ on the ground. (leaf)11. I have two _______. (knife)12. There are two ______ in the zoo. (fox)13. There are many ______ on the road. (bike)14. A few _____ are drawing on the wall. (child)15. The _____ are playing football now. (student)16. Please take two ______ for me. (photo)17. I like the red _______. (tomato)18. Would you please clean your ______ now? (tooth)19. Do you want some ______? (milk)20. There are ten ______ ______ in our school. (English teacher)三.选择下列正确的单词或词组。