吾将上下而求索
EXHIBIT 6.1 Total, Marginal and Average Products
9 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Shape of MP and AP Curves
吾将上下而求索
Calculating MP and AP
7 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
MPL&APL
8 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
– Need total product curve – Need wage rate
• Price of hiring labor
– Multiply number of workers by wage rate to get variable cost PL×L=VC
– Curve relates total product, not number of workers, to variable cost
5 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Relation between MP and AP
TP
N
6 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
• 產量受到生產技術與生產要素的影響 • Where do cost curves come from • Depends on firm’s available technology • Determines production process • Production process determines firm’s costs
2 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Production and Costs in the Short Run
• Limited options in short run (SR) • Initial assumption
生产函数决定成本函数
路漫漫其修远兮, 吾将上下而求索
2020年4月11日星期六
Introduction
• 生產函數決定成本函數，而(邊際)成本會影響供給函數； 因此，本章先介紹生產函數，然後說明成本函數。
• 生產函數在說明生產要素與產量之間的關係；生產要素分 為兩類，一類是短期即可變動其使用的數量的(以勞工為 代表)，另一類是長期才可變動其使用的數量的(以資本為 代表) 。
12 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
• AP
– If number of workers large, additional workers cause average product of labor to decrease
– Inverted U-shape
• MP
– Inverted U-shape
• AP and MP relationship to one another
– Increase in total product based on hiring one additional worker
– Assume capital fixed – Slope of TP
• Average product of labor (APL)
– Total product divided by number of workers
much output can be produced with a given basket of inputs
4 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Calculating MP and AP
• Marginal product of laboຫໍສະໝຸດ (MPL)吾将上下而求索
EXHIBIT 6.2 The Stages of Production
11 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Variable Costs in the SR
• Constructing the firm’s variable cost curve
– Quantity of output produced by firm in a given amount of time dependent on labor hired
– Information graphically represented by production function
• Production function slopes upward • Production function is rule for determining how
– Firm can hire more labor
3 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Production in the Short Run
• Total product (TP) of labor
– If MP > AP, MP lies above AP – If MP < AP, MP lies below AP – If MP = AP, AP at maximum or peak
10 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition