宾语从句一.定义:宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子如: He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.二.宾语从句有三种类型:1.由从属连词 that 引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义,连词 that 常可被省略。
例如: I hope (that) they will have fun. Mary said that she felt sleepy.Can’ t you see (that) ’I m a bird?注意:(1)当主句的谓语动词是 think,believe 等时,宾语从句尽管要表示否定意义,却不用否定形式,而将 think 等动词变为否定形式。
如:I don’t think hewill come. 我认为他不会来。
(2)两个表示陈述意义的宾语从句并列时,有时省去第一个从句的连词 that,但第二个从句的连词 that 一般不可以省略。
如:He told me (that)they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice. 2.由从属连词 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句表示“是否(有,能,已经)”等一般疑问句的含义。
例如: I wonder whether (if) he lives here.3.由连接代词 who,whom,whose,what,which 和连接副词 when,where,how,why 等引导的宾语从句表示“谁,谁的,什么,哪(个,些),何时,何地,怎样,为什么” 等等特殊疑问句的意义。
除了连接词及被修饰的词提前以外,宾语从句用陈述句语序。
例如: To masked who could give the message to her mother.Do you know what he said just now? I wondered how old his brother was.三.宾语从句的时态呼应:“主现则从任,主过则从过,客观真理一般现”1.当主句是现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句可以用所需要的任何时态。
2.主句是过去时,宾语从句一般只能用过去时的某种形式;当从句叙述的是客观事实或一般真理时,宾语从句仍然用现在时态。
3.情态动词 must 一般不用于过去时,但却可以用于主句是过去时的宾语从句中。
四.宾语从句的语序1宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前,谓语在后)如: I want to know if he can come tomorrow2当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时,后面直接加谓语动词如: She asked me who had helped him状语从句英语中 ,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语。
状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等,根据状语的功能状语从句可分为:时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句。
一.时间状语从句:在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。
时间状语的连接词:when(当时候)while(当时候) as(当时候) after (在以后)before(在以前)as soon as(一就)since(自从到现在)till /until (直到才) by the time(到为止)依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。
1.when 当的时候(一般情况下:主将从现)I will become a teacher when I grow up2.while 当时He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.3. as在的同时;一边一边He smiled as he stood up.4. after在之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.5.before 在之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.6.as soon as 一就 (一般情况下:主将从现 ) Webegan to work as soon as we got there.I will write to you as soon as I get home.7. since自以来到现在表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前 (说话时间 )为止的一段持续时间。
主句一般用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。
Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago还.可(以用since three years ago(自三年前以来)表示。
)作介词,本句从句还可以用短语:8till /until直到都可以作连词,连接时间状语,也可以作介词,与其它词构成介词短语,在句中作状语。
They walked till /until it was dark.Xiao Ming didn’ t leave home till / until his father came .back9.by the time 到为止 (所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时 ) Bythe time he gets there , his father has already gone.By the time I got to school, the class had already began.用法辨析: 1.when, while 和 as的区别When 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。
并且when 有时表示“就在那时”。
例如: When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我在吃饭。
(瞬时动词 )When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水。
(延续性的动词)We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。
并且 while 有时还可以表示对比。
例如:While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.I like playing football while you like playing basketball. 我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。
(对比)As 表示“一边一边” ,as 引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生; as 也可以强调“一先一后。
例如: We always sing as we walk. 我们总是边走边唱。
( as 表示“一边一边”)As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。
(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)as when while 都表示主、从句动作同时发生,三者差异如下:as表示“一边。
一边"的意思when1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作"之前"或"之后"发生。
2、when=and then; at that moment 正(在那个时候 )3.常用于常见搭配中while1、用于时间较长时2、强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时有时这三个连词可以互换,有时不可以。
lt was raining hard when (as) I got there.我到那里时,正在下大雨。
( 动作同时发生, when 可换为 as, 但不能换为 while ,因为 get 是点动词 .)When I had read the article, he called me.我看完这篇文章之后,她给我打了电话。
( 从句动作发生在主句之前,注意时态表达,只能用 when )When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.(当)我到了电影院时,电影已经开演了。
(从句的动作发生在主句之后,只能用when,并要注意时态 )He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.他正要离开,忽然电话响了。
( 此时不能放在句首。
主句动词一般表达“正在”“即将” .while, as 不能代替She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking aboutmy daughter.他以为我在谈她女儿,然而,实际上在谈论我女儿。
(表转折,对比, when, as 都不能代替它 )While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人买纪念品时,那女孩给警察打了电话。
(表示主句,从句的动作同时发生,while 后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词,因为它表示较长时间 )Mother was worried becauselittle Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.妈妈担心,因为小爱丽丝病了,特别是他父亲不在家的时候。
(此时 as ,when, while可通用 )2.由 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句。
till 和until 一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until 。
并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。
例如:I worked until he came back我.工作到他回来为止。
I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。
3.由 since 引导的时间状语从句。
since 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。
一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时,表述为:现在完成时 +since+一般过去时。
但在 It is +时间+ since 从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。