独立主格篇独立主格，首先它是一个“格”，而不是一个“句子”。
在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
除名词/代词+名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及介词短语外，另有with或without短语可做独立主格，其中with可省略而without不可以。
*注：独立主格结构一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
一、独立主格结构：1. 名词/代词+形容词He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.靠近岸时，我看见几汪深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。
2. 名词/代词+现在分词Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting.也可以The question settled, we wound up the meeting.但含义稍有差异。
前者强调了动作的先后。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
3. 名词/代词+过去分词The job finished, we went home.More time given, we should have done the job much better.*当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
4. 名词/代词+不定式We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.5. 名词/代词+介词短语I followed him here, and climbed in, sword in hand.The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.coat off名词+副词；head down名词+副词；pen in hand名词+介词短语。
This Contract shall be signed in duplicate, one for each Party.本合同一式两份，双方各执一份。
*名词/代词+介词短语中介词为in时，其前后的两个名词一般不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词）。
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.A girl came in, book in hand.如若有修饰词，必须对称出现，例句：A girl came in, a book in her hand.故以下二句为错误用法：A girl came in, book in her hand.A girl came in, a book in hand.而with短语则可随意加限定词。
A girl came in, with some books in both hands.A girl came in, with a book in her hand.6名词/代词+副词Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.7 名词/代词+名词He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。
8 with+名词+分词（或形容词、副词、不定式等）He was asleep with his head on his arms.With John away, we have got more room.He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或He stood at the door, computer in hand.* with或without短语作定语，独立主格结构功能相当于一个定语从句，通常with前无逗号。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。
二、独立主格的变化过程：When the coffin had been interred, the minister said a few comforting words.The coffin (having been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words.棺材入土后，牧师说了几句安慰的话。
三、独立主格注意事项：1. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式：The chief-editor's arriving, we began the meeting. （×）The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.（√）2. 其他独立主格结构，其中以下结构不能省略being (having been)：2.1 There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home.没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
2.2 逻辑主语为人称代词，being不可省：It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
2.3 当独立主格结构中being done 表示“正在被做时”，being不可省略。
This article deals with common social problems, with much attention being paid to problems of teenagers.Food being cooked, I fell asleep.3. 独立主格中的代词要用主格形式，但也有例外：Everyone laughed, me included. （《张道真英语语法》商务印书馆）。
me included为宾格+过去分词。
Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping record, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. themselves included为反身代词+过去分词。
四、具有独立主格功能的其他结构：1. 当独立主格结构的主语表示“一般人”，如：we, one, you时，主语可省略，此用法常用于下列表达方式中：generally speaking 一般来说strictly speaking 严格地说talking of ... 谈到speaking of ... 说到judging from ... 由……来判断taking all things into consideration 把一切都考虑在内considering ... 考虑到……[示例]If we judge from his face, he must be ill.= Judging from his face, he must be ill.He has lots of books if we consider that he is young.= He has lots of books, considering that he is young.Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。
2. 有些固定短语是带to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。