微观经济学名词解释1122 Chapter 1businesscycle 经济周期 fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment andproductioneconomic s 经济学;经济，国家的经济状况 the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的，罕见的 resourcesefficien cy n.功效; 效率，效能; 实力，能力; [物] 性能; the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequality n .同等，平等; [数]相等，等式; the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformlyamong the members of societyexternal ity[,ekst ɜːthe uncompensated impact of one person’s ac tions on theChapter 2circular-flo w diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firmsmacroeconomics [,mækrəʊiːkə'nɒmɪks; -ek-]the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthmicroeconomics [,maɪkr əʊiːkə'n ɒmɪks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsnormative['nɔːmətɪv]标准的statements claims that attempt to prescribe定，规定; 指定，规定;美[prɪˈskraɪb] how the world should bepositivestatementsclaims that attempt to describe the world as it isproduction possibilitie s frontier a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production33['frʌntɪə）technology Chapter 3absolute advantage the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producercomparative advantage the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producerexports goods produced domestically美[də'mestɪklɪ】合乎国内的and sold abroadimports goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyopportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competitive market 完全竞争市场a market with many buyers and sellers['selə] trading identical同一的，完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛntɪkəl]products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker44ts互补品['kɑmpləmənt]two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherdemandcurve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemandschedule 需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedEquilibri um[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibrium price 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibrium quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price5566good劣质品 [ɪn'f ɪər ɪə] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in incomeleads to a decrease in demandlaw of demand 需求原理 the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises law of supply 供给原理 the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises law ofsupply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balancemarketa group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or servicenormal good 普通商品a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandquantity the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able tov1.0 可编辑可修改77demanded 需求量purchase quantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellshortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater thanquantity suppliedsubstitut es two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupplyschedule a table that shows the relationship between the price ofa good and the quantity supplied surplus['s ɜ:pləs]a situation in which quantity supplied is greater thanquantity demandedChapter 5cross-pr a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one goodice elastici ty of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelastici ty[,ilæ' stɪsəti]n .弹性;弹力;灵活性;伸缩性;a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded orquantity supplied to one of its determinantsincomeelastici ty of demand 需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income88v1.0 可编辑可修改99priceelastici ty ofdemand 需求价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computedas the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price priceelastici ty ofsupply 供给的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computedas the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price total revenue (in amarket)总收入; 总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good,computed as the price of the good times the quantity soldChapter 6price ceiling ['si ːl ɪa legal maximum['m æks ɪm əm] on the price at which a good can be soldŋ]pricefloora legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold taxincidenc e['ɪnsɪd(ə)ns]the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7consumer[ kən'sju ːmə]surplus ['sɜːpl əs]消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['ma ɪnəs] the amount the buyer actually pays for itcost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficienc y the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly1010among the members of societyproducer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing itwelfare economics the study of how the allocation美[ˌæləˈkeɪʃn]分配，配给 of resources affects economic well-beingwillingness to pay受益者负担the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodChapter 8Deadweightloss 无谓损失又为社会净损失the fall in total surplus过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜ:rpləs] that results from a market distortion变形; 失真[dɪˈstɔrʃən], such as a taxChapter91111tariffn .关税;关税表; 价格表a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyworld price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10Coasetheorem[ 'θɪər əm] 科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities外在性 on their owncorrecti ve tax 矫正税a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externalityexternality [,ekstɜː'nælɪthe uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander12121313t ɪ] n . 外形; 外在性; 外部事物; （经济学名词） 外部效应internalizing the external ity 内化 altering incentives[ɪn's ɛnt ɪv] so that people take account of the external effects of their actions transact ion[tr æn'z æk ʃən]交易 coststhe costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing toand following through on a bargainChapter11clubgoods goods that are excludable but not rival in consumptioncommongoods that are rival in consumption but not excludableresources 可排他的; 包括在外的;cost–benefit analysis 成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodexcludabi lity [ɪks,kluːd ə'bɪlətɪ]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itfree rider [释义]坐享其成，无本获利;a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for itprivategoodsgoods that are both excludable and rival in consumption public goods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumption1414v1.0 可编辑可修改1515goods rivalry inconsumption 消费竞争 the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishesother people’s useTragedy of the Commons 公共地悲剧a parable 寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter12ability-t o-pay principle[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则; the idea that taxes should be levied on a person accordingto how well that person can shoulder the burdenaveragetotal taxes paid divided by total incometax ratebenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudgetdeficit n.预算赤字;a shortfall亏空; 缺空 of tax revenue from government spendingbudgetsurplus预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontal equity 纳税横向均等;the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountlump-sumtax 总量税a tax that is the same amount for every personmarginaltax rate边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income progressi a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction1616v1.0 可编辑可修改1717ve tax 累进税 分数; 一小部分 of their income than do low-income taxpayersproportional tax比例税率 a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers paythe same fraction of incomeregressive tax 累退税 a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smallerfraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersverticalequity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxesshould pay larger amountsChapter 13 accounting profit total revenue minus total explicit 清楚的，明确的 costaveragefixed cost fixed cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragetotal cost total cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragevariable cost divided by the quantity of output1818cost constantreturns toscale the property whereby long-run average total cost stays thesame as the quantity of output changesdiminishi ngmarginal product 边际产量递减规律 the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesdiseconom ies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increaseseconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costseconomiesof scale规模经济 the property whereby long-run average total cost falls asthe quantity of output increasesefficient scale 最小the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost1919explicitcosts input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixedcosts 固定成本 costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced implicitcosts 隐性成本 input costs that do not require an outlay of money by thefirmmarginalcost 边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unitof productionmarginal productthe increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproductio n function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good profittotal revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production total revenuethe amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputv1.0 可编辑可修改2020(for firm) variable costs [释义]变动成本;costs that vary with the quantity of output producedChapter14averagerevenue total revenue divided by the quantity soldcompetitivemarket a market with many buyers and sellers trading identicalproducts so that each buyer and seller is a price takermarginalrevenuethe change in total revenue from an additional unit soldsunk cost 沉没成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredChapter 15monopoly[m a firm that is the sole seller of a product without closeə'nɒp(ə)lɪ]substitutesnaturalmonopolyn.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品;a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmspricediscrimina tion the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersChapter 16monopolis ticcompetiti on垄断竞争市场a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicaloligopoly 求过于供的市场a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products2121情况;Chapter 17cartel <经>卡特尔，企业联合a group of firms acting in unison ['juːnɪs(ə)n]collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge<经>卡特尔，企业联合a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersgametheorythe study of how people behave in strategic situationsGDPdeflator[di'fleit ə]GDP缩减指数a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Nash a situation in which economic actors interacting with one2222equilibri um 纳什均衡another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenoligopoly[,ɑlə'gɑpəli] 寡头a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsprisoners ’ dilemma [dɪˈlem ə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialChapter18capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and services2323diminish ingmarginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesfactorsofproductionthe inputs used to produce goods and services marginalproduct of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborproduction function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodvalue of themarginal 边际价值product the marginal product of an input times the price of the output2424v1.0 可编辑可修改2525Chapter 19compensati ngdifferential 补偿微分 a difference in wages that arises to offset thenon-monetary characteristics of different jobsdiscrimina tion [dɪ,skr ɪmɪ'ne ɪʃ(ə)n] ; 歧视the offering of different opportunities to similarindividuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex,age, or other personal characteristicsefficiencywages 效率工资 above- equilibrium 平衡，均势; 平静ˌ[ikw əˈl ɪbri əm]wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityhumancapital *人力资本 the knowledge and skills that workers acquire througheducation, training, and experiencestriken . 攻击; 罢工[课，市]; 发the organized withdrawal 移开; 撤回 of labor from a firmby a union现union a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions2626。