•A bilateral contract is a promise for a promise; if the offeree need only promise to perform, the contract is bilateral.
•A unilateral contract is a promise for an act; if the offeree
•To establish an implied-in-fact contract: (1) the plaintiff
must have furnished some service or property; (2) the
plaintiff must have expected to be paid and the defendant
Precedent
Contract Dispute Legal Ruling
Precedent - a legal principle established in previous court decisions
which involved similar or analogous fact situations.
– Offer and Acceptance
– Mutual Intent
– Aconsideration was paid (If not, then the contract is an “agreement”.
– Capacity (18 yrs of age, sound mind, capable)
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Bilateral vs. Unilateral Contracts
•Every contract involves at least two parties: an offeror and an offeree. The offeror promises to do or not to do something. Whether a contract is unilateral or bilateral depends on what the offeree must do to accept.
•一个明确的合同中，条款以语言的形式（口头或书面 ）明确表述，隐含于合同方的履行准则之外的合同是 一种隐含于事实的合同， 或简称为隐含合同。合同方 履行准则不但表明合同各方有意达成合同，而且创建 并定义合同条款。
•建立一个隐含于事实的合同：(1) 原告必须已经完成一 些服务或产品； (2)原告必须已经期望得到支付，被告 已经知道或应该已经知道原告期望得到支付； (3) 被告 已经有机会拒绝服务或产品但是没有拒绝。
• Therefore, legal action will tend to be made against those with the greatest capacity to pay.
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深口袋理论
• 合同法的目的在于为 受害方的损失提供赔 偿（不是为了惩罚）
• 因此，法律行为通常 针对最有支付能力的 一方。
– Lawful Purpose
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合同法
• 定义
– 在两方或多方之间定义权利和义务的一种关系
• 具备法律效力的五个关键因素
– 提供和接受 – 双方自愿 – 已支付 报酬 (如果没有支付，该合同仅仅是一个
协议）。
– 法律承担能力 (18岁以上，精神正常，有能力) – 合法的目的
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法的来源
• 美国的法律体系
– 除美国的路易斯安那州外都基于英国的普通 法。
– 由两部分组成
• 立法机构 • 普通法
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Legislative law
• Determined by legislatures (US Congress and State Legislatures)
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立法机构的立法
• 由立法机构决定 (美国国会和州立法机构) • 组成部分有：
– 条例
• 职业工程师执照法 (州) • 职业的健康和安全法案 (国家)
– 法规
• 由诸如职业工程师协会组织创建.
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Common Law
• Judge-Made Law • Based on the theory ons
Failure to report moonlighting
Code of Ethics
Moonlighting for competitor Professional Misconduct
Slander
Tort Law
Breach of contract
Contract Law
Breach of criminal code
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Sources of Law
• The US Legal System
– Based on English common law except in State of Louisiana
– Consists of two parts
• Legislative • The common law
• Consists of
– Statutes
• Professional Engineering Licensing Laws (States) • Occupational Health and Safety Act (US)
– Regulations
• Created by organizations like the Society of Professional Engineers.
Criminal Law
No formal penalty Disciplinary action Compensation to others Compensation to client
Punishment (Jail)
As conduct worsens the severity of the sanctions increase
– 先例 －-根本上违反合同中的免除条款（该违反涉及到合同中 的根本性问题）不能对违反条款方提供保护。
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The Theory of Deep Pockets
• The purpose of Contract Lawis to compensate wronged parties for their damages (not for punishment)
• Case History
– Harbutt Plaasticine v. Wayne Tank & Pump (1970). Factory burned down due to faulty material. $2,300limitied liability in contract was waived and $170,000 paid.
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Expressed vs. Implied Contracts
•An express contract is one in which the terms are expressed in words, oral or written, A contract that is implied from the conduct of the parties is an iniplied-infact contract, or simply an implied contract. The parties' conduct reveals that they intended to form a contract and creates and defines its terms.
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先例案例 - 根本性的违约
• 可能应用于解释无效合同中的免除条款. • 案例历史
– Harbutt Plaasticine v. Wayne Tank & Pump (1970). 由于不合格 材料导致工厂被烧毁。合同中$2,300的有限责任被放弃，赔偿 了 $170,000。
can accept only by complete performance, the contract is
unilateral. A unilateral contract's offer becomes irrevocable
once substantial performance has been completed.
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普通法
• 衡平法 • 基于先例的理论
先例
合同纠纷
法律规则
先例 - 一种建立在前一个类似案例的法庭宣判结果的法律原理。
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Precedent Example - Fundamental Breach
• May be applied to render exemption clauses in contracts ineffective.
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行为案例
不报告 moonlighting 为竞争对手提供暗地服务
诽谤 违约合同 违反犯罪 code
法律体系层面
道德规范代码 职业人员的明知故犯
民事法 合同法 刑法
处罚办法
无正式处罚 训诫式的起诉 对他人的补偿 对客户的补偿 处罚 (进监狱)