HADRIAN‘S WALL（哈德良长城）
The most prominent and important monument(遗迹) left by the Romans in Britain, it spans the width of the country.
The highest road built by the Romans in England.
consequences of the Roman occupation and the effects on Britain •Britain became a Roman province in name. •The lowland Britons accepted the Roman way of life radically while the hill dwellers resisted the Romans. •The Hadrian’s Wall was built by the Romans in 122 A. D to drive back the Picts（皮克特人）. •The English upper classes were Romanized. •Some of the native people became slaves of the Romans.
The Beginnings of the UK——a history of invasions
•Anglo-Saxons Times (410 —— 871)
scholarship ——Beowulf 《贝尔武夫》 •the greatest Old English epic •the beginning of British literature •The class polarization appeared. •The society advanced towards feudalism. •A Christian mission under Augustine came from Rome in 597. •All England had been Christianized by the 7th century
Iberians / Mediterranean
Iberians, Nordic（北欧）and Alpine（阿尔卑斯） are three kind European Races. About 3000 B. C, Iberians from the Mediterranean lands sailed right up the west coast of England and around Scotland to Scandinavia, for at that time the English Channel was still impassable. Some of them settled in Britain.
II. History of the UK
The Beginnings of the UK
Middle Ages England
16th &17th century
Modern Times
The Beginnings of the UK——a history of invasions
•early settlement
An agreement was made that England was shared by the Danish and the English. (1016)
England was ruled by English and Danish kings alternatively.
English and Danish Kings between 9th and 11th Century
East Anglia（东盎格利亚）
the Jutes Kent（肯特）
Essex (East Saxon)埃塞克斯
the Saxons Sussex (South Saxon)苏塞克斯 Wessex (West Saxon)威塞克斯
Wessex won the other 6 kingdoms, the king of Wessex Egbert was the king of English in 829.
The Beginnings of the UK——a history of invasions
•the Roman Occupation (55 B. C —— 410)
54 B. C and 55 B. C Julius Caesar’s（凯撒大帝）nominal conquests
43 A. D real conquest by Claudius（克劳迪） 410 A. D Roman power in Britain collapsed
The Beginnings of the UK——a history of invasions
•Danish Invasion and the Danish Rule
Danes invaded England for the second time at the end of 10th century
The Beginnings of the UK——a history of invasions
•Anglo-Saxons Times (410 —— 871)
Heptarchy (6th ——9th century) 七国争雄时期——7 kingdoms in England Northumbria（诺森布里亚） the Angles Mercia（麦西亚）
The Beginnings of the UK——a history of invasions
•Anglo-Saxons Times (410 —— 871)
the arrival of the Germanic Tribes in the 5th century (449)
the Angles（盎格鲁人 ） the Saxons（撒克逊人 ） the Jutes（朱特人）
•They spoke a language that we now call Old English. •They drove the Welsh and the Scottish to the north of the country, forming “the nation of the English”
•natives of the UK •from Europe (upper Rhineland) in search of empty lands •the combination of the Nordic and the Alpine •white skin, blond hair, taller than the Iberians •developed their own civilization
The Beginnings of the UK——a history of invasions
•the Roman Occupation (55 B. C —— 410)
•England and Wales were conquered by the Romans while Scotland and Ireland were not.
Iberians /Mediterranean（伊比利亚人 / 地中海人） 3000 B. C Gaels —— the ancestry of the Scottish and the Irish (700 B. C) the Celts Brito (500 B. C)
Vikings (Danes) invaded England in 8th century
King Alfred（艾尔弗雷德大王）of Wessex defeated the Danes
An agreement (Peace of Edington《埃丁顿和约》) was made between English king Alfred and Danish king Guthrum that Danes ruled the north while the English ruled the south of England. (878 A. D)
The Beginnings of the UK——a history of invasions
•the Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）
causes
•In Jan. 1066, Edward died childless, giving the throne to Harold II, which made William (the Duke of Normandy) angry. •William claimed he had the sole right to be king of England. •On Oct. 14, 1066, William defeated English army under Harold II, killing Harold II at the battle of Hastings and conquered England. •On Christmas Day, 1066, William was crowned in Westminster Abbey, known as William Conqueror （征服者威廉）
Alfred forced the Danes to accept Christianity.
The Vikings
威金人 / 北欧海盗
•The Scandinavian warriors who raided the coasts of Europe, the British Isles, Iceland and Greenland between the 8th and 10th century. •In the 9th and the 10th century England, the Vikings, known as the Danes, settled in the Danelaw, took the English throne in the 11th century and built up a vast kingdom under Canute.