Important American geographical sites
• Washington D.C. • New York – Now York City, Albany • Alaska - Juneau • California – Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Francisco • Illinois – Springfield, Chicago • Colorado - Denver • Hawaii - Honolulu • Massachusetts - Boston • Mississippi - Jackson • New Jersey - Trenton • Texas - Austin Houston • The great salt lake, Lake Baikal, Caspian Sea • The great lakes – Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario • Yellowstone National Park • Mount Rushmore, Rocky mountain, Appalachians, Cascades • Himalayas, Alps, Andes,
Exercise – LG417
• 本篇描述了一个化学分子的特性 • 词汇：carbon, unique, compound, atom, attach, graphite, gasoline, diamond, derived from, molecule, lead, octane, substance
Famous geographical term
• Equator • North pole • North Frigid Zone - Arctic circle • North Temperate Zone Tropic of Cancer • Torrid Zone - Tropical Circles • South Temperate Zone Tropic of Capricorn • South Frigid Zone Antarctic Circle • The Antarctic • • • • • • • • • • • Asia Europe Africa South America North America Australia Antarctica Pacific ocean Arctic ocean Indian ocean Atlantic ocean
Exercise – OG26ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ T1T14
• 本篇材料讲述的是一个自然资源的利用原 理 • 词汇：specific, underground, hydrogeologist, figure out, aquifer, implication, yield, recharge, discharge, dry up, sustainable, availability, incompatible,
TOEFL听力
自然科学
长演讲学科内容类（二） 自然科学类
高频考试话题： • Geology & geography 4% • Environment 4% • Chemistry 4% • Astronomy 2% • Oceanography 2% • Physics 2%
Geology
• Geology is the science and study of the physical matter and energy that constitute the Earth. The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition, structure, properties, and history of the planet's physical materials, the processes by which it is formed, moved, and changed, the history of life on Earth, and human interactions with the Earth.
Geography
• Geography is the study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of natural and human phenomena (geography as a study of distribution), area studies (places and regions), study of man-land relationship, and research in earth science. Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. As "the bridge between the human and physical science," geography is divided into two main human geography and physical geography.
Exercise - LG443
• 本篇听力材料描述的是两个自然物-湖泊 • 词汇：prehistoric, remnant, square miles, freshwater, saltwater, outlet, mineral, evaporate
Exercise – LG353
• 本片描述的是山脉的形成 • 词汇：mountain ranges, comprise – include, encircle, probability, majestic, collision, rival, erode, before we wrap up for today
Astronomy
• Astronomy is a natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the formation and development of the universe.
Plate tectonics
Plate Boundaries
Volcano Structure
Exercise - DT462
• 本篇听力材料描述的是一次火山爆发事件 • 词汇：peak, dormant, seismologist, avalanche, tremor, magma, crater, summit, vibration, ash, swell, bulge, frequent, trigger, landslide, tremendous, blast, chamber, explode, devastate, megaton, hydrogen, goat, elk,
Exercise – LG452
• 本篇听力材料讲述了一个能源事故 • 词汇：power plant, catastrophic, factor, pressurize, valve, misinterpret, instrument, meltdown, nuclear, uranium, fuel, exacerbate, fortunately
Environmental protection
• Protection of the environment is needed from various human activities. Waste, pollution, loss of biodiversity, introduction of invasive species, release of genetically modified organisms and toxics are some of the issues relating to environmental protection.
Chemistry
• Chemistry is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It is a physical science which studies of various atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of matter whether in isolation or combination, which incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in relation to the spontaneity of chemical processes. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Atom Element Compound Substance Molecule Mole Ions and salts Acidity and basicity Phase Redox Bonding Reaction Equilibrium Energy Chemical laws