Unit 11.人体面朝上为仰卧位A person is supine when lying face upward ．2.人体面朝下为俯卧位A person is prone when lying face downward．3.不同姿势影响对人体相对部位的描述The position of the body can affect the description of body parts relative to each other.4.肘在腕的上方The elbow is above the hand．5.方位术语描述人体不同部位之间的相对关系Directional terms describe parts of the body relative to each other.6.头部在人体的最高点The head is the highest point of human body.7.人体的前面是腹面The anterior surface of the human body is the ventral surface.8.脚在腿部的远端The foot is attached at distal end to leg.9.外侧面指远离中线的方向Lateral means away from the midline.10.鼻位于眼睛内侧The nose is located in a medial position in the face.11.皮肤在肌肉和骨的表面The skin is superficial to the muscle and bone.12.矢状面将人体分为左右两部分A sagittal plane separates the body into right and left portions.13.冠状面从左到右垂直穿过人体A coronal plane runs vertically from right to left.14.体腔包括鼻腔、颅腔、腹腔等The body contains the nasal, cranial, and abdominal cavities etc.15.纵膈中有心脏、胸腺、气管、食道以及血管、神经等。
The mediastinum contains the heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures such as blood vessels and nerves.Unit 21. 冠心病coronary artery disease (CAD)，coronary heart disease (CHD)2. 心绞痛angina Pectoris3. 临床表现clinical manifestations4. 诱发因素precipitating factors5. 心血管系统cardiovascular system6.心肌梗塞myocardial infarction (MI)7. 发病机理pathogenesis8. 血管痉挛vasospasm9.交叉性栓子paradoxical emboli10. 缺血性心肌病ischemic cardiomyopathy11. 如果心脏没有足够的含氧血液供给, 就可能发生胸痛即心绞痛When the heart has not enough oxygenated blood supply, chest pain will be resulted, called angina.12.心绞痛是冠心病的一个常见症状Angina is a common symptom for coronary heart disease.13.一般体力活动（如步行和登楼）不受限, 仅在强、快、或长时间劳力时发生心绞痛Ordinary physical activity, such as walking and climbing stairs, does not cause angina. Angina with strenuous1or rapid or prolonged exertion at work or recreation.14.一切体力活动都引起不适, 静息时发生心绞痛Inability to carry on any physical activity , angina syndrome may be present at rest. 15.在缺血性心脏病引起的死亡中, 缺血性心肌病多达40％Ischmic cardiomyopathy is responsible for as much as 40% of the mortality in ischemic heart disease (IHD)Unit 31.肺泡alveolous2.低氧血症hypoxemia3.终末细支气管the terminal bronchioles4.急性呼吸道感染acute respiratory tract infections5.二氧化碳潴留carbon dioxide trapping6.动脉血气分析Arterial blood gas analysis7.慢性呼吸衰竭chronic respiratory failure8.肺气肿没有明显的肺纤维化。
Emphysema without obvious fibrosis9.慢性阻塞性肺病包括两个相关的疾病：慢性支气管炎和肺气肿。
COPD actually comprises two related diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.10.引起慢性支气管炎的各种因素如感染、吸烟、大气污染、职业性粉尘和有害的气体的长期吸入、过敏等, 均可引起慢性阻塞性肺病, 其中主要因素是吸烟。
Chronic bronchitis is caused by all kinds of factors, such as infection, cigarette smoking, air pollution, inhalations and allergies of powder and toxic fumes from work in a long history, which occurred COPD, and cigarette smoking is the most important one .11.治疗慢性阻塞性肺病的主要目的在于改善呼吸功能, 提高患者工作和生活的能力。
The main purpose of therapy for COPD is improve respiration function and elevate the work and living ability of patients.12.慢性阻塞性肺病多发于长期吸烟的人群。
COPD typically occurs insidiously in individuals with a long history of cigarette smoking.13.健康教育对于慢阻肺患者很重要。
Health education can play an important role to COPD.14.停止吸烟有助于疾病的所有过程。
Stopping smoking is beneficial at all stages of the disease. Nicotine.15.长期氧疗可以提高存活期。
Long term oxygen therapy may increase life expectancy of patientsUnit 41. 软化食物soften the food2. 内痔internal hemorrhoids3. 肛周脓肿perianal abscesses4. 部分消化的食物partially digested food5. 结肠息肉colon polyps6. 感染性结肠炎infectious colitis7. 排便习惯改变a change in normal bowel habits8. 肠易激惹综合征irritable bowel syndrome9．利用多种筛查, 可以在出现症状之前防治结肠癌By using a variety of screening tests, it is possible to prevent, detect, and treat the disease long before symptoms appear.10．几乎所有的结肠直肠癌起源于息肉Almost all colorectal cancers begin as polyps.11．便秘通常由食物中缺乏纤维所致Constipation is usually caused by inadequate fiber in the diet.12．结肠结构异常需进行外科治疗The structural abnormality of colon needs to be treated surgically.13．肛裂的治疗包括服用止痛药、多食食物纤维及药物坐浴Treatment for anal fissures includes pain medicine, more dietary fiber and sitz baths with drugs.14．胰腺可以分泌唾液淀粉酶Pancreas can secrete ptyalin.15．通过保持建康的生活方式, 许多结肠和直肠疾病可以得到预防Many diseases of the colon and rectum can be prevented by maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Unit 51. 如果肾小球损害严重, 红细胞穿过肾小球, 形成血尿。
If the glomeruli are severely damaged, erythrocytes pass through causing haematuria.2. 毒素在体内堆积。
Toxins build up in the body.3. 只有一个肾脏可以即可以正常发挥作用。
Kidneys can carry out their normal functions even if only one is working.4. 最常见的肾衰的原因是糖尿病和高血压。