《财政学（第八版）》原版题库哈维· S ·罗森特德·盖亚著索引CHAPTER 1 –导论 (2)Answers to CHAPTER 1 –导论 (4)CHAPTER 2 –实证分析工具 (4)Answers to CHAPTER 2 –实证分析工具 (7)CHAPTER 3 –规范分析工具 (7)Answers to CHAPTER 3 –规范分析工具 (10)CHAPTER 4 –公共物品 (11)Answers to CHAPTER 4 –公共物品 (13)CHAPTER 5 –外部性 (14)Answers to CHAPTER 5 –外部性 (17)CHAPTER 6 –政治经济学 (19)Answers to CHAPTER 6 –政治经济学 (22)CHAPTER 9 –保健市场 (23)Answers to CHAPTER 9 –保健市场 (27)CHAPTER 11 –社会保障 (28)Answers to CHAPTER 11 –社会保障 (30)CHAPTER 12 –收入再分配：概念问题 (31)Answers to CHAPTER 12 –收入再分配：概念问题 (34)CHAPTER 13 –扶贫支出计划 (34)Answers to CHAPTER 13 –扶贫支出计划 (37)CHAPTER 14 –税收与收入分配 (39)Answers to CHAPTER 14 –税收与收入分配 (41)CHAPTER 15 –税收与效率 (42)Answers to CHAPTER 15 –税收与效率 (45)CHAPTER 16 –有效且公平地征税 (46)Answers to CHAPTER 16 –有效且公平地征税 (49)总复习提纲 (50)CHAPTER 1 –导论Multiple-Choice Questions1. Public financea) is not like public economics.b) develops principles for understanding the economic role of government.c) only works for local and state governments.d) is all of the above.2. A regulatory budget woulda) provide an accounting of government regulation.b) be difficult to compute.c) have to be attempted unofficially.d) be all of the above.3. The federal governmenta) is the largest taxing entity in the country.b) is only concerned with international issues.c) spends heavily on net interest.d) is all of the above.4. State and local governments receive the largest amount of revenue froma) personal income taxes.b) property taxes.c) sales taxes.d) loans from other states.e) payroll taxes.5. The federal government gets most of its revenue froma) personal income taxes.b) property taxes.c) sales taxes.d) loans from states.e) payroll taxes.6. In a pure market economy,a) there is no role for government.b) government intervention might be needed.c) large markets where people meet to buy and sell are required.d) all of the above.7. A government good or service includesa) bridges.b) parks.c) national defense.d) all of the above.8. Government output is hard to account for because governmenta) is so large.b) provides goods that have no resale value.c) keeps secrets about what it produces.d) goods are generally not sold or produced in easily measurable units.9. Economists who study the role of government in the marketa) agree mostly on the role that the government should play.b) study for market problems that the government might help solve.c) find that supply and demand graphs never work for the government.d) do none of the above.10. Economicsa) is all about making money.b) has nothing to do with money.c) is the study of unlimited wants but limited resources.d) has no “real world” relevance.11. Taxesa) are mandatory payments.b) are necessary for financing government expenditures.c) do not directly relate to the benefit of government goods and services received.d) are all of the above.12. For the government to provide goods and services, citizensa) have to come to an agreement about how much is needed.b) have to agree on a method of financing.c) need to be informed about the opportunity costs.d) must do all of the above.13. Education isa) generally financed at the state and local level.b) too expensive for the federal government.c) generally financed at the federal level.d) financed on a voluntary basis.14. Politicsa) play no role in public finance.b) influence government decisions.c) have to be factored into economic decision making.d) do all of the above.15. Individualsa) are too small to matter in macroeconomic decision making.b) need to participate in a democracy.c) make up the government.d) a and b.e) b and c.True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Social insurance has become an increasingly large portion of federal taxes because of the “Baby Boomer” generation.2. A very small portion of government expenditures is financed by taxes.3. In 2002, national defense was just as large a general expenditure as Social Security.4. The Constitution of the United States says nothing about state economic activity.5.The taxes paid by citizens are directly related to the benefit of government goods and services received.6. Interest on the national debt, as a percentage of federal expenditures, has increased significantly since 1965.7. Local governments rely heavily on property taxes.8. Government is designed to handle problems not addressed by the private sector.9. Expenditures, as a percentage of GDP for the United States, are not very different than those of other industrializednations.10. Payroll taxes are a major financing tool at the federal level.Essay Questions1. Write an essay discussing some of the reasons that federal expenditures for Social Security have increased since 1965.2. Do you think it is correct policy that the federal government is not required to finance all of its expenditures with taxrevenues and is allowed to borrow? What are the implications of this policy?3. Why do/should we care that federal expenditures are becoming an increasingly larger portion of GDP?Answers to CHAPTER 1 –导论Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. b2. d3. a4. c5. a6. a7. d8. d9. b10. c11. d12. d13. a14. d15. eAnswers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. T2. F3. F/U4. F5. U6. F7. T8. U9. T10. TAnswers to Essay Questions1. Federal expenditures for Social Security have increased since 1965 for several reasons, including increases in thenumber of persons entitled to benefits and the introduction of Medicare and other programs.2. Answers will vary, but financing out of current spending ensures that there are no deficits at the end of the fiscal year.However, in times of crisis, such as war, this type of financing would limit the government’s ability to accomplish its stated goals.3. We should care that federal expenditures are becoming an increasingly larger portion of GDP because of public sectorcrowding out.CHAPTER 2 –实证分析工具Multiple-Choice Questions1. Positive economicsa) does not depend on market interactions.b) only looks at the best parts of the economy.c) examines how the economy actually works (as opposed to how it should work).d) is very subjective.2. The Law of Demand statesa) that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.b) that the judicial branch of government sets demand schedules.c) that laws can have no effect on market economies.d) none of the above.3. The function Y = f(X,Z) meansa) X multiplied by Y equals f.b) X + Y = Z.c) Y is a function of both X and Z.d) none of the above.4. If there is a function and one component is Y3, then there is a ____ in the function.a) square rootb) cubicc) cosined) circlee) all of the above5. Refer to Question 4 above. The equation containing Y3 would bea) linear.b) quadratic.c) a Nash equilibrium.d) inefficient.e) nonlinear.6. Marginal and average taxes area) calculated using the same methodology.b) not used in modern tax analysis.c) not calculated using the same methodology.d) all of the above.7. The slope of a regression line is calculated by dividinga) the intercept by the change in horizontal distance.b) the change in horizontal distance by the change in vertical distance.c) the change in horizontal distance by the intercept term.d) the change in vertical distance by the change in horizontal distance.e) none of the above.8. Unobserved influences on a regression are captured in thea) error term.b) parameters.c) regression line.d) significance term.e) regression coefficient.9. The following can be analyzed using econometrics:a) labor supply.b) market demand.c) tax-setting behavior.d) poverty.e) all of the above.10. Normative economicsa) does not depend on market interactions.b) only looks at the best parts of the economy.c) examines how the economy actually works (as opposed to how it should work).d) embodies value judgments.11. The Latin phrase ceteris paribus meansa) let the buyer beware.b) other things being the same.c) swim at your own risk.d) whatever will be will be.12. The substitution effecta) is when individuals consume more of one good and less of another.b) is associated with changes in relative prices.c) will have no effect if goods are unrelated.d) is all of the above.13. Self-selection bias affects empirical estimation bya) leading to samples that are not representative of the entire population.b) making estimators improved.c) increasing the accuracy of test results.d) doing none of the above.14. When different bundles of commodities give the same level of satisfaction, you area) said to be indifferent between the bundles.b) said to be confused.c) not able to make a decision.d) unhappy with any combination.e) none of the above.15. The marginal rate of substitution isa) the slope of the utility curve.b) the slope of the contract curve.c) the slope of the utility possibilities curve.d) none of the above.Discussion Questions1. Suppose that a competitive firm’s marginal cost of producing output q is given by MC=2+2q. Assume that themarket price of the firm’s product is $13.a) What level of output will the firm produce?b) What is the firm’s producer surplus?2. Use the following function for elasticity: = -(1/s)(P/X), where s is the slope of the demand curve, P is the price,and X is the quantity demanded, to find elasticity when demand is X d= 22-(1/4)P when the price of good X is 20. 3. Imagine that the demand for concert tickets can be characterized by the equation X d = 7 – P/5. The supply of ticketscan be written as X d = -2 + P/5. Find the equilibrium price and quantity of concert tickets.True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Empirical analysis generally deals with theory and little data.2. Economists attempt, with moderate success, to perform controlled experiments making policy analysis helpful.3. Regression coefficients are indicators of the impact of independent variables on dependent variables.4. Primary data sources include information gathered from interviews and experiments.5. Multiple regression analysis typically requires several computers.6. Econometrics is the statistical analysis of economic data.7. Theory is always necessary for empirical research.8. The demand for a good is not affected by the demand for a related good.9. Equilibrium in the market is where supply is equal to demand.10. A model is a simplified description of some aspect of the economy.Essay Questions1. “Since the social sciences are not like the natural sciences, experiments are a waste of time.” Comment on the abovestatement.2. Discuss the concept in econometrics that states, “garbage in . . . garbage out.”3. It is possible that two different economists can examine the same situation, such as school funding, and reach entirelydifferent conclusions. Why is this so?Answers to CHAPTER 2 –实证分析工具Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. c2. a3. c4. b5. e6. d7. d8. a9. e10. d11. b12. d13. a14. a15. aAnswers to Discussion Questions1. q = 11/2. Producer surplus = ½(11/2)11 = 121/4.2. = -(1/-4)(20/17) = 5/173. X* = 2.5. P* = 22.5Answers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. F2. T3. T4. T5. U6. T7. F/U8. U9. T10. TAnswers to Essay Questions1. It is true that social sciences are not the same the natural sciences. Experiments have been used successfully to tellus more about the world we live in. There are limits that social scientists should be aware of, but to dismiss the use of experimental analysis entirely would be incorrect.2. When the data used in an econometric analysis are not carefully screened for errors, there can be faulty and misleadingresults that occur. There has bee n some time expended to ensure that the data have been “cleaned” properly.3. Reasoning resulting in differing results includes the time period under examination, the data sources and proxies used,the econometric tools employed, and many others reasons. This is not to say that because different researchers come to different conclusions the analysis is confused. It just means further investigation is needed.CHAPTER 3 –规范分析工具Multiple-Choice Questions1. The slope of the production possibilities curve is thea) marginal rate of substitution.b) contract curve.c) offer curve.d) Engel curve.e) marginal rate of transformation.2. The First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics requiresa) producers and consumers to be price takers.b) that there be a market for every commodity.c) that the economy operate at some point on the utility possibility curve.d) all of the above.3. Points outside the production possibility frontier area) producible.b) endowment points.c) consumer equilibrium points.d) unattainable.4. General equilibrium refers toa) examining markets without specific information.b) finding equilibrium from general information.c) pricing goods at their shadow price.d) all of the above.e) none of the above.5. The marginal rate of substitution isa) the slope of the utility curve.b) the slope of the contract curve.c) the slope of the utility possibilities curve.d) none of the above.6. Market failure can occur whena) monopoly power exists in the market.b) markets are missing.c) consumers can influence prices.d) all of the above.7. Partial equilibrium isa) exactly like general equilibrium.b) studying only the supply side of the market.c) studying individual markets.d) examining the demand side of the market.8. A public good isa) a good that the public must pay for.b) nonrival in consumption.c) more costly than a private good.d) paid for by the government.9. Merit goodsa) are provided for those who behave themselves and play nice.b) should be provided even if there is no demand for them.c) increase in costs along with demand.d) do none of the above.10. A social welfare functiona) is a function made by the Department of Welfare.b) is a function that shows that the utilities of society are incorporated into society’s well-being.c) can never be derived numerically.d) is all of the above.11. Movement from an inefficient allocation to an efficient allocation in the Edgeworth Box willa) increase the utility of all individuals.b) increase the utility of at least one individual, but may decrease the level of utility of another person.c) increase the utility of one individual, but cannot decrease the utility of any individual.d) decrease the utility of all individuals.12. Points on the utility possibility frontier area) inefficient.b) points of incomplete preferences.c) not producible.d) Pareto.13. The Edgeworth Box shoulda) lie inside the PPF.b) lie partially inside the PPF.c) lie completely outside of the PPF.d) never touch the PPF.14. Pareto points in the Edgeworth Box area) found when utility curves are tangent.b) found when MRS are equal.c) found when one person cannot be made better off without making another person worse off.d) all of the above.e) none of the above.15. The Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics requiresa) that indifference curves be convex to the origin.b) that isoquants be concave to the origin.c) that there are no set prices for Pareto efficient allocations.d) that production be twice as large as consumption.e) all of the above.Discussion Questions1. Consider an Edgeworth economy where there are two citizens, Mr. Cortopassi and Ms. Thomas. There are onlytwo goods to be consumed in the economy, Beer and Pretzels. The total amount of Beer is 12 units. The total amount of Pretzels is 12 units. Answer the following: Suppose Mr. Cortopassi has utility for the two goods characterized as U C(B,P)=B+P. Ms. Thomas’s utility function is U T(B,P)=B+P. Identify the points that are Pareto efficient.2. Imagine a simple economy with only two people, Leroy and Percy. If the Social Welfare Function is W = U L + U P,and the Utility Possibilities Frontier is UPF = U L + 2U P, what will be the societal optimum?3. If James has a utility curve characterized by the function given below, what is his marginal rate of substitutionbetween goods X and Y? U = 2X1/4Y3/4?4. Consider a simple exchange economy where the marginal rate of transformation between two goods is greater thanthe marginal rate of substitution for the same goods. Can a Pareto equilibrium be derived?5. Suppose that a competitive firm’s marginal cost of producing output q is given by MC=2+2q. Assume that themarket price of the firm’s product is $13.a) What level of output will the firm produce?b) What is the fir m’s producer surplus?True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Welfare economics is concerned with individual desirability of alternative economic states.2. The contract curve is the collection of points where utility curves are tangent in the Edgeworth box.3. The Utility Possibility Curve is derived from utility curves.4. When the First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics doesn’t hold, there is a market failure.5. Externalities can be difficult to detect in open economies.6. Social indifference curves are the same as a Social Welfare Function.7. A utility possibilities frontier need not incorporate the utility of every individual.8. In equilibrium, the MRT should equal the MRS of all individuals.9. If the market does not allocate resources perfectly, the government can.10. Normative economics is more important than positive economics.Essay Questions1. Social welfare functions can be formed in many ways. They can be additive, meaning that the all utilities curvesare added together. They incorporate the idea of least-best, meaning that the utility of the person with the least ismaximized. If you were a central planner for an economy, what type of social welfare function would you create?2. Merit goods have received considerable attention toward the end of this chapter. Can concerts and other publiclyprovided services be rationalized using these ideas?3. Why might government intervention be needed in a market?Answers to CHAPTER 3 –规范分析工具Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. e2. d3. d4. e5. a6. d7. c8. b9. b10. b11. b12. d13. a14. d15. aAnswers to Discussion Questions1. Since the MRSs of the two are equal at every point in the Edgeworth Box, every point is Pareto.2. The optimum would be a corner solution found the same way as if goods were perfect substitutes. Percy receivesnone, and all goes to Leroy.3. To find the MRS, take the partial derivative of the function with respect to X divided by the partial derivative withrespect to Y, which yields (1/3)(Y/X).4. It is possible to pick points along the PPF that have an MRT that matches an equilibrium set of MRS.Mathematically, it can be very difficult and sometimes impossible to find.5. q = 11/2. Producer surplus = ½(11/2)11 = 121/4.Answers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. F2. T3. T (through the contract curve)4. T5. U6. T7. T8. T9. U10. UAnswers to Essay Questions1. Answers will vary, but generally you need a social welfare function that incorporates some collectively agreed uponnotion of fairness. It must also be a function that can be implemented without causing undue stress on citizens or the economy.2. Yes, they fit the definition of a merit good, but no judgment should be made concerning the efficiency of suchendeavors.U LSWF (slope = -1)UPF (slope = -2)3. Government intervention might be needed in a market in the case of market failures, such as market power or when no market exists.CHAPTER 4 –公共物品Multiple-Choice Questions1. Public goods are characterized bya) nonrivalness.b) excludability.c) the sum of the MRSs equaling MRT.d) all of the above.2. Market mechanisms are unlikely to providea) prices.b) nonrival goods efficiently.c) supply and demand.d) none of the above.3. A pure private good isa) nonrival in consumption and subject to exclusion.b) rival in consumption and subject to exclusion.c) rival in consumption and not subject to exclusion.d) all of the above.4. Commodity egalitarianism refers to commodities thata) are important for most consumers.b) are too dangerous for most consumers.c) should be made available to all consumers.d) are good ideas but never produced.e) are produced in bulk.5. Charging individual prices that are based on consumers’ willingness to pay isa) government price supports.b) will pricing.c) second tier pricing.d) price discrimination.6. Equilibrium for public goods is characterized bya) MSB = MSB.b) MRS = MRT.c) MRS = MRS = MRS=…=MRS = M RT.d) MC = MB.e) MRS – MRT = MSB.7. Summing demand curves horizontally sends market ______________ to individuals, while summing vertically sendsmarket ______________ to individuals.a) price; priceb) quantity; quantityc) quantity; priced) price; quantity8. Public goods can bea) provided privately.b) provided publicly.c) subject to free rider problems.d) all of the above.9. A ________ is a person who wants to enjoy the benefits of a public good without contributing his or her marginalbenefit to the cost of financing the amount made.a) free riderb) politicianc) price makerd) price optimizer10. Congestible public goodsa) are nonrival in consumption.b) can not be priced in the market.c) are rival in consumption.d) are never provided by the private sector.11. A private good isa) nonrival in consumption.b) subject to free rider problems.c) subject to exclusion.d) not subject to exclusion.e) none of the above.12. When those that do not contribute to the costs of a public good are denied use, this is a case ofa) exclusion.b) being nonrival.c) price discrimination.d) infeasibility.e) all of the above.13. Which of the following is a public good?a) public defenseb) public televisionc) a libraryd) schoolse) all of the above14. Pure private goods are supplied througha) the market.b) government taxes.c) merit pricing.d) none of the above.15. School vouchers area) provided by the government.b) provided by private organizations.c) public funds to be used for private tuition.d) all of the above.Discussion Questions1. Suppose there are two individuals with identical demand curves characterized by the equation Q = (33/2) – (P/2).What is market demand if these demand curves are added horizontally? Vertically?2. Redo problem 10 of Chapter 4 in your textbook. Assume now that the marginal cost of getting snow plowed is now$24.3. Use the answer you found when adding market demand curves vertically in Question 1 above to find the marketequilibrium quantity if the market supply is constant at 10.4. Suppose you are given the following demand curves: Q = 32 – P and Q = 16 – (P/2). Add these two demandcurves vertically and find the market demand curve.5. Suppose there is a public good that has market supply characterized by the equation X = (P/3) – (32/3). Supposefurther that market demand for this good can be characterized by the equation X = 25 –P. Find the equilibrium quantity of the public good that will be supplied.True/False/Uncertain Questions1. The free rider problem causes less than optimal production of a public good.2. Pure private goods are nonrival in consumption.3. Most goods that are nonexcludable are pure public goods.4. Vertical summation of demand curves yield results equivalent to those of horizontal summation.5. Increasing the quantity of a pure public good can be done at zero cost.6. Demand curves for pure public goods satisfy the law of demand.7. Pure public goods involve positive externalities.8. Increases in spending on education will lead to an increase in student performance.9. Privatization means taking services that are supplied by the government and turning them over to the private sector for provision.10. Private goods are always provided by the private sector.Essay Questions1. You have read that the free rider problem affects equilibrium in a public good context. Explain how this situationcan be modeled as a prisoner’s dilemma game.2. Discuss and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of public highways versus toll roads.3. Some economists believe that public schools would improve if they were subjected to competition. Discuss thepros and cons of this idea.Answers to CHAPTER 4 –公共物品Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. d2. b3. b4. c5. d6. c7. d8. d9. a10. c11. c12. a13. d14. a15. dAnswers to Discussion Questions1. Horizontal adding yields Q = 33 –P. Vertical adding yields P = 66 –4Q.2. At a marginal cost of $24, the social marginal benefit curve is too low to afford any level of snow plowing.3. Q* = 14.4. The demand curve has two portions. When Q is between 0 and 16, the demand curve is Q = (64/3) – (P/3). When Q is between 16 and 32, the demand curve is Q = 32 – P.5. The two curves never intersect at a positive quantity; therefore, the amount of the public good provided will be zero. Answers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. T2. T3. U4. F5. F6. T7. T8. U9. T10. FAnswers to Essay Questions1. Each individual will say before construction that he will tell the truth about his preferences. It would be in eachperson’s interest to lie about his true preferences, which would allow him to enjoy a higher level of public good without paying for it completely.2. There would be less uniformity in roads and no assurances about quality. Toll roads might not exist in key areas ifno one decides to build one or the costs are prohibitive.3. Competition would cause weaker schools to try harder to retain the students that they have. Competition could leadto teaching being concentrated at getting students’ test scores to rise without regard to subject matter.CHAPTER 5 –外部性Multiple-Choice Questions1. Reducing output from the privately optimal level to the socially optimal level willa) cause a loss of consumption to consumers.b) reduce marginal damages.c) reduce the production costs.d) cause all of the above.2. Marginal damages are hard to measure becausea) they can be generated from multiple sources.b) they are hard to graph.c) they happen over time.d) no one cares about them.3. In Figure 5.4, if the marginal damages line did not originate at 0,a) it would mean that marginal damages did not exist.b) there is no way to find MSC.c) MSC would not originate at the same intercept as MPC.d) then all of the above.4. Externalities can be positive becausea) marginal damages do not last over time.b) utility can be impacted positively as well as negatively.c) there is no concept for marginal benefit.d) positive externalities are subsidies.5. Refer to the graphs below. Which graph(s) represent(s) an externality?a) graph Ab) graphs A and Bc) graph Bd) neither graph A nor graph B。