Socrates 苏格拉底：Dialogues <谈话录 > 他坚持的观点是人类的美德是一种知识，因此一切 恶行都是无知的结果。

Plato 柏拉图：Dialogues 对话录 / the Apo logy / Symp osium (deali ng with beauty and love) / the RepublicPlato ' pSiilosophy is called idealism 理想主义,唯心论.Aristotle 亚里斯多德：Ethics 伦理学 / Politics / Poetics 诗论 / Rhetoric 修辞学重点 What should be man 'saim in life? Aristotle 'ansswer was happiness, but not happines s in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reaso n, good ness and contemp lati on 沉思.Dioge nes 第欧根尼：希腊哲学家，哲学犬儒学派奠基人，强调自我控制和推崇善行。

说他曾 提着灯在雅典大街漫步寻找诚实的人 ,decided to live like a dog and the word — cynic mea高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读。

想过专八的同学和想过高口的同学，本文当成扫盲 课， 每周温习一遍。

坚持 3 个月，成人文专家。

1、 Two major elements in European culture: the Greco-Roman/ Judeo-Christian2、 oplehich Democracy means: — exerciser power by the whole people II but by — thewhole pe II the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights w a man inherited from his father, women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded, they have no rights.3、 4、Homer epics ： the Iliad / the Odyssey Drama developed in the 5th century B.C Tragedian 悲剧作家 Aeschylus 希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯 一P rometheus 普罗米修斯 bou nd/ Persia ns / Agamem non 阿伽门农，特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅Sop hocles — Oedi pus ［希神］俄狄浦斯 the king / Electra / An tig one ［希神］安提歌尼（底比斯 王俄狄普斯之女 , 因违抗禁令而自杀身亡 ） Euripides 欧里庇得斯（希腊的悲剧诗人）一Andromache / Medea 美狄亚（希腊神话中科尔喀斯 国王之女, 以巫术著称 , 曾帮助过伊阿宋取得金羊毛 ） / Trojan 特洛伊 women Comedist 喜剧作家 Aristophanes — Frogs / clouds / Birds wasps 5、 Philosophy6、 Cynics 犬儒主义 P29ns — dog in Greek, he rejected all conventions - whether of religion, of manners, dress, ho using, food, or of decency.The year 27 B.C divided the history of Rome in to two p eriods: before the n, Romehad bee n a republic, in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustu s. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extend, encircling the Mediter ranean 地中海 ,reaching Scotland in the north and spreading into Armenia andMesopotami a in the east. The emperors relied on a strong army —the famous Roman Legions 古罗马军 团（约有3000至6000步兵,辅以数百名骑兵）and an efficient bureaucracy 官僚机构to exert t heir rule, which was facilitated by a well developed system of roads. Thus theRoman enjo yed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history know as the pax Roman 罗马帝国统治下的和平.Virgil 维吉尔（古罗马诗人，公元前70-公元前19）greatest of Latin poets, wrote the great epic,作品 the Aeneid 《埃涅伊德》.The 全书and the new Testament. The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, th e doctri ne 教义 of Jesus Christ, the word " Testame n f means — agreeme nt l amely the agre eme nt betwee n God and man.10、 Rise of Christianity P73At the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus: how he lived and died to redeem 救赎 the whole huma n race.Why Jesus be crucified 十字架钉死？Jesus propagated 传播 the faith about God — men should believe in God and love him and b ehave like God schildre n and love ano ther. — every ones equal I before God.In AD 30, in Galilee, Jesus was regarded as 被认作 a dangerous man that threaten the cliq ue 派系 inpo wer.At the end ofthree years, he went with his disci pies 信徒 to Jerusalem 耳 0 路撒冷ucifiedTranslations of the Bible P86Aramaic dialect 亚拉姆语Hebrew 希伯莱7、 Roman history P38The 9、About Bible P52Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the old Testament 旧约 for the Passover 逾越节,but was betrayed by Juda. Jesus was rushed to trial and cr as a revolutionary preacher and dangerous reformer.11、Vulgate edition 拉丁文圣经12、What' smeans code of Chivalry 骑士制度？ P94As a knight, he was pledged 誓言 to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal t o his lord and respect women of noble birth 贵族出身.These rules were known as a code of Chivalry.基督教是如何成为合法的唯一宗教并被尊为国教 P76Constantine 康斯坦丁大帝,who won war between rivals for the throne 君主 and the empero r of Roman. He believed that God had helped him in winning the battle, issued the Edict of Mila n in 313. It gran ted 准予 religi ons freedom to all, and made Christia nity legal.In392 A.D, emperor Theodosius made Christianity, the official religion of the empire and o utlawed 宣布…为不合法 all other religious.The crusades 十字军 名字的由来？为什么东征及东征的意义 P99To express their religious feelings, many people in the middle Ages went on journeys to sa cred 神圣的 places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was J erusalem 耶路撒冷.But in 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who unlike the Arabs attacked the Christian pilgrims 朝圣者，killing many of them and sold man y others as slaves. New of this kind roused 激起 great in dig nati on among Christia ns in west ern Europe. The result was a series of Holy wars 圣战 called crusades 十字军东侵 which we nt on about 200years. All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics 束 腰外衣 as symbol of obedienee 顺从 to God.Sign ifica nee: 1*although the crusades did not achieve their goal to regain theHoly land, they had an imp ortant effect on the future of both the east and west. They brought the east into closer con tact with the west, and they greatly in flue nt on history ofEuro pe. 2*crusades helped to break down feudalism 圭寸建主义.3* the crusades also resulted in renewing people ‘interest in learning and invention. The epic was the product of the Heroic Age 古希腊的一英雄时代 II 1*Beowulf (700~750A.D), an Anglo-Saxon 盎格鲁-撒克逊人 epic.2* So ng of Rola n 罗兰之诗一about 12th A.DThe word ——Renaissancemeans revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of inte rest in ancient Greek and Roman culture.13、 14、 15、National Epics P105It ist he most well-known of a group of French epics knows asLa Chansonde gestes. P111 16、Dante 但丁 Alighieri , Italy, greatest poet. The divine comedy 《神曲》P118 17、Ren aissa nee 文艺复兴mea ns? 14th ~mid 17th P129Subject: humanity 人权 / Christianity 神权Giovanni Boccaccio 卜伽丘,Decameron 《十日谈》，其中收集了以逃避黑死病为忧郁背景的 1 00个故事, 100 tales told by on their way to escape the black death of 1348, the tales are witty, licentious 放荡的，full of praise of true love and wisdom and also satire 讽刺文学 on the hypocrisy 伪善 of the priest and the aristocrat 贵族.19、 Martin Luther 路德,马丁： (1483-1546) 德国神学家、欧洲宗教改革运动的领袖。