1．Iambic 抑扬格 → ∨ ∕ : control 2．Trochaic 扬抑格 → ∕ ∨ : tiger 3．Anapestic 抑抑扬格 → ∨ ∨ ∕ : contradict 4．Dactylic 扬抑抑格 → ∕∨∨ : foolishness 5．Spondaic 扬扬格 → ∕ ∕ : moonstone
-----T.S. Eliot
“The literature that is written in some kind of verse form.
-----a reader’s definition
Literature that is not prose
1.a musical effect created by rhythm and sounds 2.a precise and fresh imagery 3.multiple levels of interpretation by the connotation of closer words and by allusions
octameter （八音步）
︱雪压︱冬云︱白絮︱飞︱
1
2
34
——tetrameter
Twinkle twinkle little star ——tetrameter
阴平、阳平、 上声、去声
—／Βιβλιοθήκη ∨＼↘↙↘↙
平
仄
老夫喜作黄昏颂，满目青山夕照明。 仄平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
伐木丁丁，鸟鸣嘤嘤。
——四言诗
欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。 ——五言诗
春风又绿江南岸。
——七言诗
monometer（单音步) dimeter （双音步） trimeter（三音步） tetrameter （四音步）
pentameter（五音步） hexameter （六音步） heptameter （七音步）
-----Shakespeare It’s trochaic tetrameter. (四步扬抑格)
l Like a child from the womb Like a ghost from the tomb I arise and inbuilt it again. -----Shelley
----Anapestic tetrameter and trimeter
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
9
平仄互协 “音乐的和有趣的思想结合”
——爱伦·坡
“欲调曼声，必谐三声“（平、上、去）
高低疾徐抑扬顿挫 ——汉语四声调的特色
阴平声轻，阳平声重，上声后而举，去声清而远
stressed---accent
重音—扬
unstressed---unaccented 轻音—抑
five metric patterns （音律）
∨ ∨ ∕∨ ∨∕ They returned ︱from the ride ︱
∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨∕∨ ∨ ∕ And leaves ︱the world ︱to dark ︱ness and me .︱
∨ ∕ ∨ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∨∕ ∨ There was ︱a young la ︱dy of Ni ︱ger
∨ ∕ ∨ ∨ ∕ ∨∨∕ ∨ Who smiled ︱as she rode ︱on a ti ︱ger
∨ ∕∨∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ l The sky is high, the clouds are pale.
-----iambic tetrameter 四步抑扬格
∕∨ ∕∨ ∕ ∨ ∕∨ l Double double toil and trouble
∕∨ ∕ ∨ ∕∨ ∕ ∨ Fire burn and cauldron bubble
《英语诗歌欣赏》
Evaluation and Appreciation of English Poetry
“the best words in the best order.” -----Samuel Taylor Coleridge
“not the assertion that something is true, but the making of that truth more fully real to us.”
Ⅰ.The Musical Effect of Poetry
Poetry has its roots in song. epics, ballads, traveling bards, minstrels
Musical effects are mainly created by rhythm.
Foot----a group of syllables forming a metrical unit, a unit of rhythm. Meter---the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables used in poem.
∨∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ The cur ︱few tolls ︱the knell ︱ of par ︱ting day ,︱
∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨∕ ∨∕ The low ︱ing herd ︱wind slow ︱ing o’er ︱the lea ,︱
∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕ ∨ ∕∨ ∕ The plow ︱man home︱ward plods︱his wea︱ry way ,︱
∨∨ ∕∨∕ l I’d a dream to-night,
∨ ∨ ∕ ∨∕ As I feel asleep
-----anapestic and iambic dimeter
Elegy written in a Country Churchyard
-----Thomas Gray
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowing o’er the lea, The plowman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and me.