10
Giordia Poliovirus Calicivirus
Giardia
Poliovirus
Calicivirus
E. coli Hepatitis A
Microsporidium C.parvum C.parvum
Legionella Poliovirus
Giardia
Giardia
1.0
E. coli pnuemophila
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous. Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 1063.
Legionella
E. coli
Microsporidium
Calicivirus
Poliovirus
0.10
Adenovirus
Adenovirus
Calicivirus E. coli
Adenovirus
0.01
Overview of disinfection requirements for 99 percent inactivation.
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Reynolds, T. D., and P. A. Richards. Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: PWS Publishing Company, 1996, pp. 742-743.
Chlorination - Dechlorination Controller Cl2 Injection Sulfite Diffuser
Sensor
Alternate Locations for Sensor Typical contact chamber for chlorination. Baffles are provided to promote plug flow. When chlorine has been applied at elevated concentrations, sulfite is added to reduce chlorine to levels that will not cause consumer reaction to chlorine taste and odor.
Required Combined chlorine C.t or l.t
10,000
Free chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ozone
UV light
C. parvum C. parvum
1,000
Mycobacterium Legionella fortuitum
Giardia
13
Chlorine Concentration, mg/l
10
1.0
OCl-1
NH2Cl
0.10HOClΒιβλιοθήκη 0.01110
100
100
Minutes, tc Concentration versus contact time for 99% kill of E. coil by various forms of chlorine at 2oC to 6oC.
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous. Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 1121.
M.fortuitum
Legionella Legionella Microsporidium
Poliovirus Adenovirus
100
E. coli
C. parvum
Adenovirus Reovirus Rotavirus
MS-2
Calicivirus
M.fortuitum
M.fortuitum
Clements, John, 2004. Ultraviolet Disinfection. Brown and Caldwell Engineers. February 2004. /FeaturedArt/jc/html/08.htm Accessed 3/13/05
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Mancl, Karen M.. "Bacteria in Drinking Water." The Ohio State University Extension Bulletin. Bulletin 795 (1989).
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Binnie, C., M. Kimber, and G. Smethurst. Basic Water Treatment. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.
Figure by MIT OCW.
1.0
Chlorine as HOCL, mg/l
Co xs
Po lio my tis eli
ac kie vir us
0.1
E. co
A2
vir
e Ad vi no ru s3
us
li
1
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Minutes, tc
Concentration versus contact time for 99% kill of E. coil and three enteric viruses by HOCl at 0oC to 6oC.