Part One: Manuscript Form1.Arrangement:a.标题：大写：第一个和最后一个单词和其他的单词（包括带连字符的合成词）。
冠词、并列连词（and, or, but, nor, for），介词，不定式to除外。
标点：可用问号。
引用或文章标题要加引号。
书名加下划线。
b.段落：每段第一行缩进4到5个字母的距离。
2.Capitalizationa.当成句子用的句子成分后也要加句号。
b.专有名词的大写：President Brown, the Middle Ages, Marxist, Darwinism, Hegelian,Confucian, Latinize, Vietnamize3.Word Division原则：按音节分，不要把连字符放在开头。
a.不能分单音节词。
如：through, march, brain,pushed.b.一行的末尾或开头不能出现一个字母。
如：a lone, trick y.c.不能把两个字母的音节放在开头。
如：hat ed, cab in.d.避免划分专有人名或地名。
如：Chi na, Aus tene.带连字符的词只在连字符处划分。
f.不要误导读者。
如：pea cock, re ally.g.带词缀时在词缀处划分。
h.换页时不要划分。
i.带双辅音时在双辅音处划分。
如：strug gle, shat ter.Part Two: Diction1.Levels of Words:From a stylistic point of view:Formal words: 很多包含三或三个以上的音节Common wordsInformal words: 通常只有一或两个音节Slang: 非常不正式，文化低的人通常使用。
2.the meaning of words①denotative meaning (dictionary)＆connotative meaning(feeling or idea suggested by it )a.country, nation, state and landcountry: an area of land and its population and governmentnation：the people of a countrystate: the government or political organization of a countryland: less precise but more literary and emotive than countryrge and big:large: slightly more formal, unusually big, more emphaticc.small and littlesmall: objective little: a feeling of fondnessd.modest(virtue) and humble②different collocations:Large: amount, number and quantityGreat: personal qualities like courage, confidence, ability and wisdom③不要和中文混用Send: cause to go or be taken to a place without going oneself.Family and home: family: people related to one. Home: place where one lives.3.general and specific wordprofessionals ＆scientists, doctors, teachersscientists ＆physicists, chemistschemists ＆biochemistshouse ＆mansion, villa, chateau, cottage, bungalow, cabin, hut, shack, shanty, shed, barnlaugh ＆smile, grin, beam, giggle, titter, snigger, chuckle, guffaw, chortle写作时尽量用specific words用specific word时要展示出具体细节：P14：students do many interesting things after class.4.idioms不正式或口语化的用于对话；俚语式的应谨慎使用：all balled up: troubled or confused; cough up: produce sth.许多陈词滥调式的也要少用。
5.figures of speecha colorful garden: literal sensea colorful life/career: figurative sense①simile②metaphor不一定都在动词be后，不一定都是名词。
There were a few lordly poplars before the house. (tall, straight and stately, like ancientaristocrats)He often prefaced his remarks by “I can’t help thinking…”③personification④metonymy（转喻）: crown stands for king; white house and American government; bottle and wine/alcohol; bar and legal profession.⑤synecdoche（借代）⑥euphemism: mad: emotionally disturbed, dustman: sanitation worker, lavatory: bathroom/ men/women’s room⑦irony⑧overstatement and understatementShe is dying to know what job has been assigned her.I’m the luckiest man in the world.It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming poor.⑨transferred epithet: is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun.Sleepless nights, quiet laziness, respectful distance, unthinking moment, reassuring hand.⑩oxymoron（矛盾修饰法）The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.A victorious defeat, conspicuously absent, a tearful smile⑪alliterationPart ThreeThe Sentenceplete sentence and sentence fragment语法上讲，完整的句子之至少包含一个主语和一个谓语动词：如果动词及物。
必须要有宾语；如果动词是系动词，必须要有标语或状语。
英语写作中用逗号取代句号，分号，冒号或破折号叫做：comma fault.小说里，两个意义相近的句子偶尔会用句号连接（突出主要信息）；说明文里必须用句号。
2. types of sentences①按功能：陈述（declarative），疑问(interrogative)，祈使(imperative)，感叹(exclamatory)②按结构：简单（simple），复合（complex）并列（compound）并列复合（compound-complex）简单句：只有一个主语和一个谓语动词，可含多个宾语，定语，状语。
并列句：包含两个或两个以上意义上相近的句子，由连接词（and, but, or等）或者分号连接。
简单句用来强调或表达重要信息。
复合句能清晰准确的表达复杂信息。
③按修辞：分散句（loose）圆周句（periodic）平衡句（balanced）分散句：主要信息放在补充信息前面。
让读者刚开始读便知道主要信息是什么。
（信息同等重要，陈述有序自然）圆周句：最后表达主要信息，到最后整个句子语法才算完整。
（渐进顺序，最后一个词最重要，许多词语在前面堆砌，到最后达到高潮）平衡句：句子包含两个结构相似，但意义相反的平行句。
（用于正式写作中。
如说明文，演讲等）④短句和长句短句强调，长句精确表达复杂信息（修饰词多）。
短句适合陈述重要事实、信息，长句解释观点、理论，或细致描述物体。
在法律、政治和理论写作中常用长句。
小说中描写人、事或场景的也常用长句。
3.effective sentences①unity：expresses a single complete thought. 不包含无关联的句子，不表达不独立的信息。
×Born in a small town in southern China in the early 1950s, he grew up to be a famous musician. （两个句子无关联）正确见课本。
×Du Fu was one of the greatest poets. (信息不完整)②coherence：两个成分之间清晰合理的关联错误的平行结构：we have great faith and high hopes for her.指代不明：he was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serous.垂悬结构：to be frank, generally speaking, judging by, speaking of不属于修饰词错置：the idea he mentioned at first sounded good.人称、数、语气等的变化：an important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.③conciseness句子可用词组或单词替代；两个句子可以合并。