完成时语法专项一实际意义现在完成时表示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的_____/______,或者过去的动作或状态对现在造成的______或_________。
1）现在完成时的"完成用法"现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。
(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。
)I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)2）现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
★这里主句的动词要用持续性动词。
常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点）since+ 一般过去时的句子连用. for（+时间段）= since（+时间点）★如果主句的动词不是持续性动词，要转化为持续性动词，才能和表示一段时间的状语”连用。
Mary has been ill for three days. (我病了，还可能要病几天.) =Mary has been ill since three days ago.二、现在完成时的结构1）肯定式：主语+ have / has + 过去分词2）否定式: 主语+ have / has + not + 过去分词3）一般疑问式Have / Has + 主语+ 过去分词4）特殊疑问式特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词三、现在完成时的时间状语现在完成时的标志词1.already（已经）2.just（刚刚，正好）3.ever（曾经）4.never（从来，也不；从不）5.yet（仍然）等连用。
6.for +时间段7.since +过去时间点”since+一般过去时的句子“It is + 一段时间＋since一般过去时从句8. recently（近来）9.so far（到目前为止），10.in the past/“last + 一段时间”11. once（一次）12.twice（两次）13.three times（三次14.several times（几次）★练习：用since和for填空1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ____ she left here1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.2. I’ve known him __________ we were children.3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.5. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.四、现在完成时态中already, yet, just, never, ever用法区别1、already意思是“已经”①通常用于陈述句中（放在have和has的后面）②也可用于疑问句，表示期望得到肯定的回答或表示惊异，此时already常放在句末。
She has already found her bike.Has she found her bike already？她已经找到自行车了？2、yet用法①yet可用于否定句，此时译为“还”；I haven’t found my ruler yet.②也可以用于疑问句，译为“已经”（放在have和has的后面也可放在句末）Have you found your ruler yet？你已经找到尺子了吗？3、just只用于陈述句意思是“刚才”（放在have和has的后面）I have just received a letter.4、never用于否定句译为“从不”（放在have和has的后面）I’ve never been to Beijing.5、ever用于疑问句译为“曾经”（放在have和has的后面）Have you ever been to Beijing?★五、英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分，使用中应注意两者的区别。
1、持续性动词: 表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。
常见的study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean , sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, sit, stand, lie, keep等。
2、瞬间性动词: 表示一个动作发生在一瞬间，非常短暂。
亦称终止性动词。
常见的--begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，通常有两种方法：（1）用意思相当的持续性动词来替换He has been in the army/a soldier for three years. （他参军已有3年了。
）不用has joinedShe has been up for quite some time.（她起床已有好久了。
）不用has got upHas your brother been away from home for a long time?（离家已有好久了吗？）不用has left常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系：1、go—be away2、come—be here3、come back—be back4、leave—be away（be not here）5、buy—have6、borrow—keep7、die——be dead8、begin——be on9、finish—be over 10、open——be open 11、close——be closed 12、lose——be lost 13、get to know—know 14、turn on—be on 15、get up——be up 16、sit down—sit/be seated17、join—be in（…）或be a…member 18、become—be【练习】：延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化1. He died 10 years ago.--- He ____ ____ ____ for 10 years / since 10 years ago.2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. --- He ____ ____ the book for 2 weeks.3. He bought the motorbike a month ago.---He ____ ____ the motorbike for a month.4. He arrived here three days ago.--- He ____ ____ here since three days ago.5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago.--- The light ____ ____ ____ for 2 hours.6. He left here 2 years ago. --- He ____ ____ ____ from here for 2 years.7. The film began 30 minutes ago.--- The film ____ ____ ____ for 30 minutes.8. They opened the door an hour ago.--- The door ____ ____ ____ for an hour.9. They closed the door an hour ago.--- The door ____ ____ ____ for an hour.10. He joined the army last year. --- He ____ ____ a ____ for a year.--- He ____ ____ ____ the army for a year.六、1. have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别。
have/ has gone to 去了，在去某地的路上或在某地，人还未回来have/ has been to 曾经去过，人已经回来了have/ has been in 已经在，常与一段时间连用He has been to Shenyang before. 他以前曾去过沈阳。
He has been in Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈阳10年了。
Has he gone to Shenyang? 他去沈阳了吗？练习：认真琢磨，细心选择(体会现在完成时和一般过去时的区别)。
1. Where _____ you _____, John? I’m looking for you everywhere.A. have; beenB. have ;been toC. have; goneD. did; go to2. How long _____ your father _____ Shanghai?A. did; comeB. has; go toC. has; been toD. has; been in3. I _____ my watch in my bedroom yesterday.A. leftB. forgotC. have forgottenD. have left4. She has worked in the factory _____.A. since three years agoB. for 1999C. since in 1999D.since three years8、过去完成时过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。