美国文学考试题型1、填空题（这部分的重点老师带我们画过，由于比较散，不方便整理，请同寝室或隔壁寝室相互告知）-----大家记得人名，作品名称等一定不要写错了2、名词解释（共两题，每题5分）这一题大体有三种类型：文本、作者、理论大题要求（大家按点答题）文本类：①写明作者②该文本体现的理论特征③该文本的主要内容（2分）④该文本使用的主要文学技巧理论类：①该理论出现的时间②该理论的主张（2分）③写作风格④相关作家以及他的作品作者类：①写明哪个时期的作者②该作者的文学主张③写作风格④主要作品以及作品的主题下面是本学期我们学过的作家、理论以及作品（结合笔记以及结合相关资料整理的，不是老师说的标准答案哦，大家参考即可）理论---本学期三大主要理论①PuritanismPuritanism , appeared in the early part of the 17th century, is the practices and beliefs of Puritans. The American puritanism, like their English brothers , are idealists. They accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But due to te grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical. It is so much part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenetsIts influence on literatureAmerican literature had the characteristics of simplicity, plainness of rhetoric and indication to the Holy Bile代表作家Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor, Nathaniel Hawthorne(课本所选的代表作品)②transcendentalismAmerican transcendentalism is more than an attitude of Transcendentalist. To “transcend”something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits. The transcendentalists speak for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. The major features of the American Transcendentalism are:A.They place emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the UniverseB.They stress the importance of individualsC.They offer a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of Spirit or God该理论出现的大致时间1836-the civil war代表作家--Ralph Waldo Emerson代表作品the American Scholar③naturalismAmerican naturalism accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolution theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits were conditioned by social and economic forces. It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will. That lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of human was misery in life and oblivion in death. It was no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.Time: the mid-19th century---the first half of the 20th centuryNaturalism in literature: the product of despair. It had no attempt to make moral judgment. It offered detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society.代表任人物及作品Stephen Crane the Open Boat作者（三个比较重要的）①Nathaniel Hawthorne浪漫主义时期（特别记住）作家He is a master of symbolismHe has an unceasing interest in the “interior of the heart” of man’s beingHis understanding of “evil being at the core of human life” is deeply reflected in his works Young Goodman Brown 是他的代表作，该作品体现的主题PURITANISMA.man’s depravityB.The original sin: a journey from innocence to evilC.PredestinationD.A struggle between to forces②Ralph Waldo Emerson浪漫主义时期作家He is a leading person of New England Transcendentalism which he regarded as an intuitive cognizance of moral and other truths that transcend the limits of human sense experience代表作：The American Scholar主题：Transcendentalism大致内容：we American should stop imitating other counties in literature and we ought to create a way of our own.③Stephen Crane19世纪后半期---20世纪初，自然主义时期作家。

His works were characteristic of pessimism and determinism which he emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will. That lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of human was misery in life and oblivion in death.代表作the Open Boat体现的主题（十分重要，一定要记住）A.Man’s helplessness in the face of overwhelming and inscrutable forcesB.Man’s unimportance in an indifferent universe作品（作品的大致内容，便于大家熟悉文本，答题时还需要大家自己按照上面写的答题要求总结哈）①Young goodman brownThe story takes place in 17th century Puritan New England, a common setting for Hawthorne's works, and addresses the Calvinist/Puritan belief that all of humanity exists in a state of depravity,except those who are born in a state of grace. Hawthorne frequently attempts to expose the hypocrisy of Puritan culture in his literature. In a symbolic fashion, the story follows Young Goodman Brown's journey into self-scrutiny, which results in his loss of virtue and faith. "Young Goodman Brown" is often characterized as an allegory about the recognition of evil and depravity as the nature of humanity. In order to convey the setting, he used literary techniques such as specific diction, or colloquial expressions.②the American ScholarThe American Scholar was a speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson uses Transcendentalist and Romantic views to get his points across by explaining a true American scholar's relationship to nature. There are a few key points he makes that flesh out this vision:We are all fragments, "as the hand is divided into fingers", of a greater creature, which is mankind itself, "a doctrine ever new and sublime." An individual may live in either of two states. In one, the busy, "divided" or "degenerate" state, he does not "possess himself" but identifies with his occupation or a monotonous action; in the other, "right" state, he is elevated to "Man", at one with all mankind. To achieve this higher state of mind, the modern American scholar must reject old ideas and think for him or herself, to become "Man Thinking" rather than "a mere thinker, or still worse, the parrot of other man's thinking", "the victim of society", "the sluggard intellect of this continent". "The American Scholar" has an obligation, as "Man Thinking", within this "One Man" concept, to see the world clearly, not severely influenced by traditional/historical views, and to broaden his understanding of the world from fresh eyes, to "defer never to the popular cry."The scholar's education consists of three influences: I. Nature as the most important influence on the mind II. The Past manifest in books III. Action and its relation to experience The last, unnumbered part of the text is devoted to Emerson's view on the "Duties" of the American Scholar who has become the "Man Thinking."③the Open BoatIt was a dramatic short story based on Crane's experience of surviving a shipwreck off the coast of Florida earlier that year while traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent.Crane was stranded at sea for thirty hours when his ship sank after hitting a sandbar. He and three other men were forced to navigate their way to shore in a small boat; one of the men, an oiler named Billie Higgins, drowned after the boat overturned.小说中的四大人物the correspondent ------ a condescending observer detached from the rest of the groupthe captain------ who is injured and morose at having lost his ship, yet capable of leadershipthe cook----- fat and comical, but optimistic that they will be rescuedthe oiler----- Billie, who is physically the strongest, and the only one in the story referred to by name体现的主题A.The relationship between Man and Nature①Man’s helplessness in the face of overwhelming and inscrutable forces②Man’s unimportance in an indifferent universeB.The relationship among Men---isolation①isolation among men in different situations②isolation among men in the same boat③man’s different reactions against others’ miseries when he was in different conditions3、问答题(每题20分，共两题)课本后面的问题（除了pg3 第一题、pg17第一题、pg30一二两题、pg64第一二五六题不需要看，其余都要思考思考）老师给了pg64 第三四两题的答案，如下：第三题：.the four men were in the same boat;they built a firm comradeship for the sake of safety;there lay feelings of warms in the boat ,but they are reluctant to express; there was isolation among modern men even in danger; the captain seemed to know his responsibility to guide the boat out of the disaster, but when he was really in need, he was asleep; when a shock appeared, the other three were asleep;the correspondent hesitated at awakening them, he had to face the danger by himself; at the time,when men was in plight, friendship was no meaning, isolation existed among men even they were in danger.第四题：the soldiers died in indifferent and apathetic circumstances; the correspondent had not express his care about the misery of the soldier,not to say the sympathy until he was personally in harsh condition. only in the common plight did the correspondent express his sympathy for the soldier.only the common miseries could arouse man's sympathy for others. the correspondent's remembrance of the verse displaced the isolation among human beings and man's apathy to others miseries, as well as man's helplessness in plight and insignificance in harsh reality4、大题----文本分析（30分，一题）所选材料是老师上课带我们细读过的Unit2 三首诗歌以及young goodman brownUnit3 重点考查有哪些价值观（ps. 这一章我没有上，所以不是很清楚）Unit4 the American scholar para1--para20Unit5 细读pg52 part III 第一段，pg56---pg57，pg59 part VI 上面的段落, pg60 para1---5段的内容，尤其是中间的verse。